Financial system and interimediaries Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Financial system and interimediaries - Coursework Example Financial institutions act as intermediaries and they determine the flow of funds. Financial regulators monitor the participants in the financial system. Conditions. Banks will always want to know how the borrower intends to use the loan. They will also check on whether the economic conditions will enable the customers make enough income to comfortably repay the loan (Wells Fargo, 2015). Financial intermediary is a financial institution that connects individuals with surplus finances with individual with deficit finances. The individuals with excess finances are savers while those with deficit finances are borrowers. The savers give the money to a financial intermediary and the financial intermediary transfers the money to spenders through loans or mortgages. Examples of financial intermediaries include banks, private equity, venture capital funds, leasing companies, pension funds, insurance companies, financial advisers and brokers, collective investments schemes, building societies and micro-credit providers (Robert E.W et. al., 2012). A venture capital is a financial capital provider that provides financing to start-up businesses that have high chances to succeed. The venture capital makes money by owning equity in the financed business. A building society is a financial institution that is owned by members as a common organization. Building society of most banking services such as saving and loans especially on mortgages. The profits generated by the building society are distributed among members depending on their share ownership of the building society. A collective investment scheme is a professional arrangement that enables investors to collectively pool funds and have these monies managed by professionals. Collective investment schemes invest in a wide range of investment thus spreading their risks. They can invest in bonds and quoted equity, real estate and in transport and

People Suffering Mental Disorder Nursing Essay

People Suffering Mental Disorder Nursing Essay Introduction Auditory hallucinations for some people suffering mental disorder are frequently experienced as alien and under the influence of some external force. These are often experienced as voices that are distressing to the individual and can cause social withdrawal and isolation. Although auditory hallucinations are linked with major mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, it also occurs in people who have not been diagnosed with any mental illness (Coffey and Hewitt 2008). The annual incidence is estimated between 4-5 percent (Tien 1991), with those experiencing voices at least once, estimated between 10-25 percent (Slade Bentall 1988).The standard professional response to voice hearing has been to label it as characteristic of illness and to prescribe anti-psychotic medication (Leudar Thomas 2000). However, Romme and Escher (1993) view the hearing of voices as not simply an individuals psychological experience, but as an interaction, reflecting the nature of the individuals relationship with his or her own social environment. In this way, voices are interpreted as being linked to past or present experiences and the emphasis is on accepting the existence of the voices. However, the cause of schizophrenia is unknown; most experts deem that the condition is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors (Szas, 1988). This dissertation will aim to discuss the experience and management of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia looking into therapeutic relationship, helping approaches, and working towards the ending of a therapeutic relationship discussing discharge. First chapter will aim to explain what schizophrenia is, the cause of schizophrenia, its symptoms and types with particular focus on auditory hallucinations. The chapter will then discuss what auditory hallucinations are in the diagnosis. Therapeutic relationship between service user and the nurse is paramount in mental health nursing and is seen to prove long term outcome such as social functioning (Svensson and Hansson 1999). Chapter two will aim to discuss the building of therapeutic relationship in the management of auditory hallucinations using Peplaus interpersonal relations model (1952). The importance of holistic assessment using a variety of tools, scales and questionnaires that will identify symptoms, risks, management of risk and address the service users needs will be discuss in chapter three. Chapter four of this dissertation will discuss helping approaches. Gray et al (2003) states that pharmacological and psychosocial interventions have been heavily researched to find the most up to date literature and recommendations for the management of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia with medication and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT).. The final chapter will aim to discuss the ending of the therapeutic relationship between the nurse and the service user looking into discharge planning process and conclusion. Chapter one What is Schizophrenia and Auditory Hallucinations? Introduction to chosen topic Schizophrenia is one of the terms used to describe a major psychiatric disorder (or cluster of disorders) that alters an individuals perception, thoughts, affect and behaviour. Individuals who develop schizophrenia will each have their own unique combination of symptoms and experiences, the precise pattern of which will be influenced by their particular circumstances (NICE 2010). Allen et al (2010) define schizophrenia as a chronic and seriously disabling brain disorder that produces significant residual cognitive, functional and social deficits. Schizophrenia is considered the most disabling of all mental disorders (Mueser and McGurk, 2004), it occurs in about 1% of the world population, or more than 20 million people worldwide (Silverstein et al., 2006). The DSM -IV TR (American Association of Psychiatry (APA) 2000) defines schizophrenia as a persistent, often chronic and usually serious mental disorder affecting a variety of aspects of behaviour, thinking, and emotion. Patients with delusions or hallucinations may be described as psychotic. However, Tucker (1998) argues that the system of classification developed by the DSM-IV does not actually fit many patients as a whole; the syndromes outlined in DSM-IV are free standing descriptions of symptoms. He said unlike diagnoses of diseases in the rest of medicine, psychiatric diagnoses still have no proven link to causes and cures; Tucker argues that there is no identified etiological agents for psychiatric disorders. Schizophrenia is characterized by clusters of positive symptoms (e.g. hallucinations, delusions, and/or catatonia), negative symptoms (e.g. apathy, flat feet, social withdrawal, loss of feelings, lack of motivation and/or poverty of speech), and disorganized symptoms (e.g. formal thought disorder and/or bizarre behaviours). In addition, individuals with schizophrenia often experience substantial cognitive deficits including loss of executive function, as well as social dysfunction (Allen et al., 2010). It is estimated that nearly 75% of people with schizophrenia suffer with auditory hallucinations (Ford et al., 2009). It is suggested that one of the many symptoms of this disorder is hallucinations. It is put forward that hallucinations takes place when a person experiences a sensation in any form of sensory modality when there is nothing or nobody there to account for it (Green, 2009). There are several types of hallucinations olfactory, tactile, gustatory, cenesthetic, kinesthetic, visual and auditory (Kasper, 2003). One of many forms of hallucinations is an olfactory hallucination, which relates to smells or odours. They can be particular scents like urine, or involve more general odours like a rotting smell (Blom and Sommer, 2011). Another is a tactile hallucination, which is characterised by a feeling of skin sensations, such as bugs crawling on arms and legs or electric shocks. This type of hallucination is rare in schizophrenia (Vidbeck, 2010). A different form of hallucination is a gustatory hallucination, these are concerning taste, were the sufferer either has specific taste in the mouth or a food tastes like something else (Campbell, 2009). In addition there are also cenesthetic hallucinations, which are when the sufferer feels the physical functions that are ordinarily imperceptible like signals going to and from the brain (Sadock and Sadock, 2008). A further different form of hallucination is a kinesthetic hallucination, this is when a sufferer is motionless but reports that their body is moving, for instance floating off the ground, bed or chair (Thornhill, 2011). More commonly reported experiences are visual hallucinations which are when somebody sees something that is not there. Such as a person, object or commonly flashing lights (Kaufman, 2011). A further form of hallucination is an auditory hallucination; this is when a person experiences a sensation where they believe they can hear voices or noises. Sometimes these voices can be commanding and make the person suffering from the hallucination do things that are generally out of character (Joppich, 2009). The focus of this dissertation is the management of auditory hallucination in schizophrenia for more on schizophrenia see appendix 1. Auditory hallucinations in diagnosis Auditory hallucinations are often considered symptomatic of people diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia (Millham and Easton, 1998). The American Association of Psychiatry (APA 1994, p.767) defines hallucinations as a sensory perception that has the compelling sense of reality of a true perception but that occurs without external stimulation of the relevant sensory organ. Auditory hallucinations range from muffled sounds to complete conversations and can be experienced as coming either from within or from outside ones self (Nayani David, 1996). However, Stanghellini and Cutting (2003) argue that APA definition of hallucinations is false, they believe an auditory hallucination is not a false perception of sound but is a disorder of self consciousness that becomes conscious. Hearing voices is not only linked to a persons inner experience but can reflect a persons relationship with their own past and present experiences (Romme and Escher, 1996). Beyerstein (1996) suggests that voic es are anything that prompts a move from word based thinking to imagistic or pictorial thinking predisposes a person to hallucinating. Auditory hallucinations, or hearing sounds or voices are the most common and occur in nearly 75 percent of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia (Ford et al., 2009). Auditory hallucinations are often derogatory or persecutory in nature, and can be heard in the third person, as a running commentary, or as audible thoughts. Some individuals with schizophrenia also experience useful or positive voices that give advice, encourage, remind, and help make decisions, or assist the person in their daily activities (Jenner et al., 2008). Voice hearers can work with their voices and either choose what to listen to or can completely ignore them (Romme et al., 1992). Sorrell et al (2009) states that some individuals experience positive voices which do not affect the way they function or go about their daily living, these hearers also find that their voices may offer advice and guidance. The hearers voice can be reported as a little distressful or some go on to report no distress at all (Honig et al., 1998). However Nayani and David (1996) argues that individuals who experience a constant negative voice found them difficult to control, they found the voice more powerful and attempt to ignore the voice often fail. Chadwick et al (2005) said that those who resist voices or feel the need to argue or shout back are seen as harmful/evil(exhibiting ill will), those who think voices are good and engage with them are seen as kind , they see voices are helping them so they tend to listen and follow advice. Not all auditory hallucinations are associated with mental illness, and studies show that 10 to 40 percent of people without a psychiatric illness report hallucinatory experiences in the auditory modality (Ohayon, 2000). A range of organic brain disorders is also associated with hallucinations, including temporal lobe epilepsy; delirium; dementia; focal brain lesions; neuro- infections, such as viral encephalitis; and cerebral tumours intoxication or withdrawal from substances such alcohol, cocaine, and amphetamines is also associated with auditory hallucinations (Fricchione et al., 1995) There is also evidence that delusion formation may distinguish psychotic disorders from non clinical hallucinatory experiences. In other words, the development of delusions in people with auditory hallucinations significantly increases the risk of psychosis when compared with individuals who have hallucinations but not delusions. Auditory hallucinations may be experienced as coming through the ears, in the mind, on the surface of the body, or anywhere in external space. The frequency can range from low (once a month or less) to continuously all day long. Loudness also varies, from whispers to shouts. The intensity and frequency of symptoms fluctuate during the illness, but the factor that determines whether auditory hallucinations are a central feature of the clinical picture is the degree of interference with activities and mental functions (Waters, 2010) The most common type of auditory hallucinations in psychiatric illness consists of voices. Voices may be male or female, and with intonations and accents that typically differ from those of the patient. Persons who have auditory hallucinations usually hear more than one voice, and these are sometimes recognized as belonging to someone who is familiar (such as a neighbour, family member or TV personality) or to an imaginary character (God, the devil, an angel). Verbal hallucinations may comprise full sentences, but single words are more often reported. Voices that comment on or discuss the individuals behaviour and that refer to the patient in the third person were thought to be first-rank symptoms and of diagnostic significance for schizophrenia (Schneider, 1959). Studies show that approximately half of patients with schizophrenia experience these symptoms (Waters, 2010). Waters (2010) says a significant proportion of patients also experience non verbal hallucinations, such as music, tapping, or animal sounds, although these experiences are frequently overlooked in auditory hallucinations research. Another type of hallucination includes the experience of functional hallucinations, in which the person experiences auditory hallucinations simultaneously through another real noise (e.g., a person may perceive auditory hallucinations only when he hears a car engine). The content of voices varies between individuals. Often the voices have a negative and malicious content. They might speak to the patient in a derogatory or insulting manner or give commands to perform an unacceptable behaviour. The experience of negative voices causes considerable distress. However, a significant proportion of voices are pleasant and positive, and some individuals report feelings of loss when the treatment causes the voices to disappear (Copolov et al., 2004). The exact processes that underlie auditory hallucinations remain largely unknown. There are two principal avenues of research: one focuses on neuro anatomical networks using techniques such as positron emission tomography and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). The other focuses on cognitive and psychological processes and the exploration of mental events involved in auditory hallucinations. A common formulation suggests that auditory verbal hallucinations represent an impairment in language processing and, particularly, inner speech processes, whereby the internal and silent dialogue that healthy people engage in is no longer interpreted as coming from the self but instead as having an external alien origin. There is support for this language hypothesis of auditory hallucinations from neuro imaging studies. These show that the experience of auditory hallucinations engages brain regions, such as the primary auditory cortex and broca area, which are associated with language c omprehension and production. This suggests that hallucinatory experiences are associated with listening to external speech in the absence of external sounds (Waters, 2010) Frith (2005) says the reason these experiences are not perceived as self-generated facts is that individuals who have the hallucinations fail to distinguish between internal and external events. This arises because of deficits in internal self-monitoring mechanisms that compare the expected with the actual sensations that arise from the patients intentions. This abnormality also applies to inner speech processes and leads to the misclassification of internal events as external and misattribution to an external agent. However, Bentall and Slade (1985) suggest that individuals with hallucinations use a different set of judgment criteria from healthy people when deciding whether an event is real, and they are more willing to accept that a perceptual experience is true. This bias essentially involves a greater willingness to believe that an event is real on the basis of less evidence. According to the context memory hypothesis of auditory hallucinations, the failure to identify events as self-generated arises because of specific deficits in episodic memory for remembering the details associated with particular past memory events. These specific deficits in memory cause confusion about the origins of the experience (Nayani and David, 1996). Patients with auditory hallucinations tend to misidentify the origins and source of stimuli during ongoing events and during memory events (Waters et al., 2006). The lack of voluntary control over the experience is a key feature of auditory hallucinations, which might explain why self-generated inner speech is classified as external in origin (Copolov et al., 2003). Hallucinations are experienced when verbal thoughts are unintended and unwanted. Because deficits in cognitive processes, such as inhibitory control, are thought to render people more susceptible to intrusive and recurrent unwanted thoughts, studies have linked audit ory hallucinations with deficits in cognitive inhibition (Waters et al., 2006). Recent advances in the neurosciences provide clues to why patients report an auditory experience in the absence of any perceptual input. Spontaneous activity in the early sensory cortices may in fact form the basis for the original signal. Early neuronal computation systems are known to interpret this activity and engage in decision-making processes to determine whether a percept has been detected. A brain system that is abnormally tuned in to internal acoustic experiences may therefore report an auditory perception in the absence of any external sound (Deco and Romo, 2008). Ford et al., (2009) suggested that patients with auditory hallucinations may have excessive attentional focus toward internally generated events: the brains of persons who have auditory hallucinations may therefore be over interpreting spontaneous sensory activity that is largely ignored in healthy brains. Patients suffering from auditory hallucinations sometimes can not distinguish between what is real and what is not real, it is very important to build a trusting therapeutic relationship with the sufferer. This dissertation will go on to explore the importance of building a therapeutic relationship with a patient; To explore the extent of auditory hallucinations a patient may be experiencing it is important that an appropriate assessment and risk management are carried out, exploring the need for assessment and risk management in auditory hallucinations, It will also look into helping approaches discussing pharmacological and psychosocial approaches in the management of auditory hallucinations and how to end the therapeutic relationship between a service user and the nurse, looking into discharge planning. CHAPTER TWO DEVELOPMENT OF THERAPEUTIC RELATIONSHIP Development of the Therapeutic Relationship Peplaus theories laid the ground for ascendancy of the relationship as the key context for all subsequent interventions with patients (Ryan Brooks, 2000). Although the idea of the relationship endures as the paradigm for psychiatric nursing (Barker, Jackson, Stevenson, 1999a; 1999b; Krauss, 2000; Raingruber, 2003), it does not appear there is any universal consensus on exactly how to frame this relationship. The nurse-patient relationship can be defined as an ongoing, meaningful communication that fosters honesty, humility, and mutual respect and is based on a negotiated partnership between the patient and the practitioner (Krauss, 2000, p. 49). Peplau describes nursing as a therapeutic interpersonal process that aims to identify problems and how to relate to them (Peterson and Bredow 2009). Forster (2001) defines therapeutic relationship as a trusting relationship developed by two or more individuals. However, Jukes and Aldridge (2006) says at first sight therapeutic nursing and the therapeutic relationship may seem relatively easy to define, but once we scrape the surface we find a complex range of ideas and concepts that stem from philosophies, ideologies and individual therapies. Sometimes there are difficulties in applying these definitions to our own work. Not least of these difficulties is the relevance of the concept of therapy as healing to nursing. This begs the question of whether a therapeutic relationship always entails the use of a therapy, or whether there is something more universal and fundamental in therapeutic relationships. It seems important therefore to attempt a workable definition of the therapeutic r elationship that has currency within nursing as a whole. Additionally, it seems that therapeutic nursing has two facets. The first of these, and probably the most apparent, is the emotional and interpersonal aspect, which we might call therapeutic nursing as an art. The second is the more logical and objective aspect, which we might call The therapeutic nursing as a science. Arguably, there is a synergy between the two that leads to a gestalt, and therefore a need to address both aspects if our nursing is to be truly therapeutic in a holistic sense. Peplaus theory focuses on the nurse, the patient and the relationship between them and is aimed at using interpersonal skills to develop trust and security within the nurse-patient relationship. Therapeutic relationships are the corner stone of nursing practice with people who are experiencing threats to their health, including but not restricted to those people with mental illness (Reynolds 2003). The relationship of one to one of nurse patient has potential to influence positive outcome for patients. Hildegard Peplau interpersonal relations overlap over four phases namely: Orientation, Identification, Exploitation and Resolution. Peplau also identify that during the four overlapping phases nurses adopts many roles such as- Resource person: giving specific needed information that aids the patient to understand his/her problem and their new situation. A nurse may function in a counselling relationship, listening to the patient as he/she reviews events that led up to hospitalization and feeling connected with them. The patient may cast the nurse into roles such as surrogate for mother, father, sibling, in which the nurse aids the patient by permitting him/her to re-enact and examine generically older feelings generated in prior relationships. The nurse also functions as a technical expert who understands various professional devices and can manipulate them with skill and discrimination in the interest of the patient (Clay 1988). The orientation phase is the initial phase of the relationship where the nurse and the patient get to know each other. The patient begins to trust the nurse. This phase is sometimes called the stranger phase because the nurse and the patient are strangers to each other (Reynolds 2003). Peplaus (1952) suggest that during this phase early levels of trust are developed and roles and expectation begin to be understood. It is important that during this time that the nurse builds a relationship with the patient by gaining their trust, establishing a therapeutic environment, developing rapport and a level of communication expectable to both the patient and the nurse. During the orientation phase trust and security is supposed to be developed between the nurse and the patient. Co-ordination of care and treatment of patient while using an effective communication between the MDT is a nurse role. The nurse also acts as an advocate/surrogate for a patient and promotes recovery and self belief. Essential communication skills are deemed to be listening and attending, empathy, information giving and support in the context of a therapeutic relationship (Bach and Grant 2009). Building a therapeutic relationship needs to focus on patient -centred rather than nurse-task focus. Bach and Grant (2009) say interpersonal relationship describes the connection between two or more people or groups and their involvement with one another, especially as regards the way they behave towards and feels about one another. Communication is to exchange information between people by means of speaking, writing or using a common system of signs or behaviour. Faulkner (1998) suggested that Rogers (1961) client centred approach conditions can be seen as important factors that contributes to a therapeutic relationship. Rogers (1961) three core conditions are: congruence, empathy and unconditional positive regards. Congruence means that the nurse should be open and genuine about feelings towards their patient. Having the ability to empathise with the patient would show that the nurse has the ability to understand the patients thoughts and feelings about their current problem. Unconditional positive regards is viewing them as a person and focusing on positive attributes and behaviour (Forster 2001). The orientation phase also gives the nurse the chance to asses the patients current health and once the assessment has been carried out the can then move the relationship forward to the identification phase. The identification phase is where the patients needs are identified through various assessment tools. Assessment will be discussed in detail in the next chapter. Butterworth (1994; DH 1994a; DH 2006a) says that during the identification phase the nurse and the patient will both work together discussing the patients identified needs, needs that can be met and those that cannot be met. They will al so identify risks and how to manage the risks and aim to formulate a care plan. Butterworth said the care plan should focused on the patients individual needs, long and short term goals and their wishes, whilst being empowered at all times to make informed decisions and choices that matter in their care. Collaborative working between multi-agencies ensures the needs of the patient are being met through appropriate assessment and treatment under the Care and Treatment Plan (CTP). The Care and Treatment Plan is one of a number of new rights delivered by the Mental Health (Wales) Measure (2010). The Measure also gives people who have been discharged from secondary mental health services the right to make a self referral back for assessment and it extends the right to an Independent Mental Health Advocate to all in-patients. A care co-ordinator must ensure that a care and treatment plan which records all of the outcomes which the provision of mental health services are designed to achieve for a relevant patient is completed in writing in the form set out (Hafal, 2012). The Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health (Rose 2001) found that patients are often not involved in the care planning process and many service users were not even aware of having a care plan. The exploitation phase is where interventions are implemented from the needs and goals set out in the identification phase which enables the service user to move forward, these interventions will assist in managing auditory hallucinations, whilst educating the patient and family members about the illness. Helping approaches will be discussed in detail in the next chapter looking at various up to date interventions available for the management of auditory hallucinations. A trusting relationship can help with recovery and during these interlocking phases is what the nurse and the patient are aiming for (Hewitt and Coffey, 2005). Building of a trusting therapeutic relationship is essential for nursing interventions to work (Lynch and Trenoweth, 2008). Nurses need to be sensitive, show compassion at all times and understanding to a patients needs. Nursing interventions needs to address physical, psychological and social needs; this involves having holistic approach (Coleman and Jenkins, 1998). Nurses need to work with the best evidence based therapeutic treatment available, this then being a positive approach to care (NMC 2008). The Chief Nursing Officer (CNO) review of the Mental Health Nursing (2006) noted that to improve quality of life, service users risks need to be managed properly, whilst promoting health, physical care and well being. However, Hall et al., (2008) argues that the CNO review does not take into consideration the great pressure nurs es are under and also the complex needs of the service user. Therapeutic interventions are an important aspect of recovery (Gourney 2005). Recovery can be described as a set of values about the service users right to build a meaning life for themselves without the continuous presence of mental health symptoms (Shepherd et al., 2008). The purpose of recovery is to work towards self determination and self confidence (Rethink 2005). National Institute for Mental Health in England (NIMHE, 2005) described recovery as a state of wellness after period of illness. Nurse need to provide a holistic view of mental illness with a person centred approach that can work towards the identification of goals and offer the patient appropriate support through interventions like CBT, family therapy and coping skills, this will enable the patient to be at the centre of their own care, thus taking responsibility for their own illness and improve quality of life. Service user who have a full understanding and accept their illness can engage more with therapies and in terventions with the necessary support from professionals, this then leads to self determination and better quality of life (Cunningham et al., 2005). However, Took (2002) says it is important to remember that with a service user experiencing auditory hallucinations, their mood and engagement can fluctuate and also the side effect of prescribed medication can affect this which may slow down the recovery process. Early intervention is also recognised to improve long term outcomes of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia (McGorry et al., 2005: NICE 2009). However, not all service users will seek advice when first experiencing symptoms, due to stigma attached to mental illness and fear of admission to hospital (French and Morrison 2004). Some service users have also complained that the hospital has a non therapeutic environment and that they also feel unsafe and in an orison like setting (SCMH 1998, 2005; DoH 2004b). Drury (2006) says that service users felt that some professionals lacked compassion. Mental health nurses are encouraged to adopt a client centre approach, some research suggests nurses lack empathy and have general uncaring attitude (Herdman 2004). The final phase of Peplaus theory is the resolution phase. This is where the nurse and the service user will end their professional relationship. The relationship can end either through discharge or death. For the purpose of this dissertation the ending of the relationship that will be discussed at a later chapter will be discharge. Therapeutic relationship is seen as paramount during these interlocking phases of peplaus interpersonal relations theory, nurses needs to promote the service users independence whilst treating them with respect, privacy and dignity. By identifying treatment goals, implementing and evaluating treatment plans the service user can move on to interventions that will help them manage and cope with auditory hallucinations. Chapter 3 Assessment of a patient with Auditory Hallucinations Assessment of Auditory Hallucinations Assessment is the decision making process, based upon the collection of relevant information, using a formal set of ethical criteria, that contributes to an overall estimation of a person and his circumstances (Barker 2004). Hall et al (2008) described assessment as one of the first steps to the nursing process; it is also part of care planning and a positive foundation for building a relationship and forming therapeutic alliance. It is an ongoing process that enables professional to gather information that allows them to understand a persons experience. Most assessments have similar aims. However, how assessments are conducted can vary enormously. Such differences are very important and can influence greatly the value of the information produced (Barker 2004). In Wales, Care and Treatment Plan (CTP) was introduced under the Mental Health (Wales) Measures 2010. CTP means a plan prepared for the purpose of achieving the outcomes which the provision of mental health services for a relevant patient is design to achieve and ensures service users have a care plan, risk assessment and a care co-ordinator to monitor and review their care (see appendix one). NICE (2010) suggest that assessment should contain the service users psychiatric, psychological and physical health needs and also include current living

Susan B. Anthony Essay -- womens suffrage feminism

The word feminist can be though of in many ways. Some people can hear the word in a positive way, and think of it as a woman standing up for her gender’s rights. Other people can think of it in a negative way, as a woman who is too high strung and opinionated. The word feminist is actually a female who has opinions on the way her sex is treated. Modern feminism will be discussed, along with using some examples such as Susan B. Anthony.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As to the history of feminism, the beginning will be with what is called the â€Å"Feminist Revolution† (Rappaport 28). This revolution began in 1837 in New York. Women banded together for the first time at an anti-slavery convention. These women were considered â€Å"abolitionists† after being humiliated at a conference in Britain for being unladylike. Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the first Women’s Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. This conference demanded woman suffrage, equality for wives, and the right to practice any profession they chose. Some feminists include Elizabeth Blackwell, Sojourner Truth, Emma Willard, Frances Wright, Mrs. Stanton, Ms. Mott, Mrs. Adams, and Susan B. Anthony.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A brief moment should be spent on a few of the notable women. It started with Emma Willard; she opened up the door for girls to get the same education as boys. She opened schools for females only. Following her is Elizabeth Blackwell. Ms. Blackwell pushed open the doors for women to be professionals. She became the first woman doctor to earn her MD in 1849 (Archer 47). Francis Wright was a Scottish-American reformer who advocated equal education for women. She once stated, â€Å"Unless women assume the place in society which good sense and good feeling alike assign to them, human improvement must advance feebly.† Her words gave influence to women to earn their first college education.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Other than Ms. Anthony there are three very notable women: Mrs. Elizabeth Cody Stanton, Mrs. Sojourner Truth, and Mrs. John Adams. The three ladies advanced the movement so far that, without them, women would not be anywhere near the liberty of today. Mrs. Stanton began the revolution of women; and also started the Women’s Rights Conventions. It was at one of these conventions in 1851 that a freed black female slave named Sojourner Truth spoke. It was probably the most famous speech ever remembered ... ...ovement seems to have turned on women and away from men. There is more of a fight over moral issues and less about rights. Susan B. Anthony once said, â€Å"Failure is impossible.† Today’s suffrage efforts are continuing with her drive and now have a larger base of support. When today’s suffragists speak to the House or Senate, they at least can address women as well as men in these bodies. This is what Ms. Anthony wanted to accomplish. Works Cited   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Archer, Jules, Breaking Barriers New York: Penguin Group, 1991. Barry, Kathleen, Susan B. Anthony New York: New York University Press, 1998. Duby, George, A History of Women London, Belknap Press, 1993. Hanmer, Trudy J. Taking a Stand Against Sexism and Sex Discrimination Sydney: Franklin Watts, 1990. Linthwaite, Illona, Ain’t I A Woman Auckland: Bedrick Books, 1993. Michelson, Maureen, Women and Work Korea: New Sage Press, 1951. Rappaport, Doreen, American Women: Their Lives In Their Words New York: Crowell Junior Books, 1990. Smith, Margaret Chase, Gallant Women Toronto: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1968. Weisberg, Barbara, Susan B. Anthony/Woman Suffragist Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 1988.

Government Essay

Should wealthy nations be required to share their wealth among poorer nations by providing such things as food and education? Or is it the responsibility of the governments of poorer nations to look after their citizens themselves? What should a government do for a country to become successful? Should money be spent on space exploration? Should rich countries forgive all debts for poor countries? Does foreign aid help donor countries more than the recipients? Should rich countries pay more for environmental damage? Most high level jobs are done by men. Should the government encourage a certain percentage of these jobs to be reserved for women? Should developing countries concentrate on improving industrial skills or should they promote education first? Safety standards are important when building people’s homes. Who should be responsible for enforcing strict building codes – the government or the people who build the homes? Discuss the advantage and disadvantage of giving international aid to poor countries. Should criminals be punished with lengthy jail terms or re-educated and rehabilitated using community service programs for instance, before being reintroduced to society? In most countries disabled people are not catered for adequately, e.g. buildings are often inappropriately designed. Governments rely too heavily on charities and voluntary organizations to provide assistance and funding. What further measures could be taken to assist disabled people? In your opinion should government intervene in the rights of the individual with regard to family planning? The best way to reduce the number of traffic accidents is to make all young drivers complete a safe driving education course before being licensed to drive. Nowadays doctors can become very rich. Maybe they should not focus on profitable activities such as plastic surgery or looking after rich patients and concentrate more on patients health, no matter how rich they are? Does travel help to promote understanding and communication between countries? In your opinion what factors contribute to a good movie? Are famous people treated unfairly by the media ? Should they be given more privacy, or is the price of their fame an invasion into their private lives? Is animal testing necessary? Some businesses now say that no one can smoke cigarettes in any of their offices. Some governments have banned smoking in all public places. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons. To what extent is the use of animals in scientific research acceptable? Human beings do not need to eat meat in order to maintain good health because they can get all their food needs from meatless products and meatless substances. A vegetarian diet is as healthy as a diet containing meat. Argue for or against the opinion above. Forests are the lungs of the earth. Destruction of the world’s forests amounts to death of the world we currently know. To what extent do you agree or disagree? Are our zoos cruel to wild animals? Discuss. Zoos are sometimes seen as necessary but not poor alternatives to a natural environment. Discuss some of the arguments for and/or against keeping animals in zoos. To what extent will migration from the developing world to the developed world become a social and political issue in the 21st century? In Britain, when someone gets old, they often go to live in a home with other old people where there are nurses to look after them. Sometimes the government has to pay for this care. Who should be responsible for our old people? Give reasons. The first car appeared on British roads in 1888. By the year 2000 there may be as many as 29 million vehicles on British roads. Alternative forms of transport should be encouraged and international laws introduced to control car ownership and use. What do you think? The best way to reduce the number of traffic accidents is to make all young drivers complete a safe driving education course before being licensed to drive. News editors decide what to broadcast on TV and what to print in newspapers. What factors do you think influence their decisions? Have we become used to bad news? Would it be better if more good news was reported? TV: could you be without it? Discuss. To what extent will migration from the developing world to the developed world become a social and political issue in the 21st century? The mass media, including TV, radio and newspapers, have great influence in shaping people’s ideas. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? Give reasons for your answer. Tourism is becoming increasingly important as a source of revenue to many countries but its disadvantages should not be overlooked. What are some of the problems of tourism? The mass media, including TV, radio and newspapers, have great influence in shaping people’s ideas. To what extent do you agree or disagree this statement? Give reasons for your answer Does modern technology make life more convenient, or was life better when technology was simpler? Will modern technology, such as the internet ever replace the book or the written word as the main source of information? We are becoming increasingly dependent on computers. They are used in businesses, hospitals, crime detection and even to fly planes. What things will they be used for in future?.Is this dependence on computers a good thing or should we be more suspicious of their benefits?Use specific details and examples in your answer. In what ways has information technology changed work and working practices in the past 10 years? Technology is making communication easier in today’s world, but at the expense of personal contact as many people choose to work at home in front of a computer screen. What dangers are there for a society which depends on computer screens rather than face-to-face contact for its main means of communication? Will the Internet bring people of the world closer together? The first car appeared on British roads in 1888. By the year 2000 there may be as many as 29 million vehicles on British roads. Alternative forms of transport should be encouraged and international laws introduced to control car ownership and use. What do you think? The mass media, including TV, radio and newspapers, have great influence in shaping people’s ideas. To what extent do you agree or disagree this statement? Give reasons for your answer. Should retirement be compulsory at 65 years of age? Telecommuting’ refers to workers doing their jobs from home for part of each week and communicating with their office using computer technology. Telecommuting is growing in many countries and is expected to be common for most office workers in the coming decades. How do you think society will be affected by the growth of telecommuting? In some countries the average worker is obliged to retire at the age of 50, while in others people can work until they are 65 or 70. Until what age do you think people should be encouraged to remain in paid employment? Give reasons for your answer. To what extent should economic planning be influenced by the need of environmental conservation? Damage of the environment is an inevitable consequence of worldwide improvements in the standard of living. Discuss. The rising levels of congestion and air pollution found in most of the world cities can be attributed directly to the rapidly increasing number of private cars in use. In order to reverse this decline in the quality of life in cities, attempts must be made to encourage people to use their cars less and public transport more. Discuss possible ways to encourage the use of public transport. The threat of nuclear weapons maintains world peace. Nuclear power provides cheap and clean energy. The benefits of nuclear technology far outweigh the disadvantages. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. Education is the single most important factor in the development of a country. Do you agree? What are factors which are related to academic success in high-school students? Do the benefits of study abroad justify the difficulties? What advice would you offer to a prospective student? The idea of going overseas for university study is an exciting prospect for many people. But while it may offer some advantages, it is probably better to stay home because of the difficulties a student inevitably encounters living and studying in a different culture. To what extent do you agree or disagree this statement? Give reasons for your answer. Education is recognized as vital to the future of any society in today’s world. Governments throughout the world should make education compulsory for all children between the ages of 5 and 15. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? Foreign language instruction should begin in kindergarten. Discuss. Should sports classes be sacrificed in High School so students can concentrate on academic subjects?

Japan CCOT Essay

In 1853, Western imperialism was at its height. It was spreading to several countries. British colonized India, the dutch colonized Indonesia, the United States colonized the philippines, and the french colonized vietnam. In 1929, the crash of the stock market brought a worldwide depression, known as the Great Depression. The depression caused instability in many countries. International commerce declined and tax revenues, profits, and personal income decreased. The great depression especially impacted countries that were in need of raw materials. Between the time of 1853 to 1941, Japan’s culture and political structure changed in the hopes of becoming more westernized because they wanted to be seen as equals to the Western countries. Japan also became more militaristic in hopes of not being a victim of imperialism. Although Japan experienced some changes, Japan continued the ideology of kokutai as a method for imperial advancement. Japan’s cultural and political structure changed from being a weak isolated nation to a modern imperialist country. Before Japan westernized, it was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate. This was an agricultural economy with a population of 13 billion. Japan did not associate with any other country because they believed foreign influence was a destabilizing factor. This resulted in overcrowded farms and scarce minerals. In 1853, Commodore Perry came to japan with his big black ships. The technological advancements of the ships shocked the japanese. They ended isolationism and opened trade ports in order to avoid destruction. Failure of success, in 1868 the Tokugawa shogun was overthrown and emperor Meiji had complete power. During this time, Japan was very decentralized. There were several semi-independent feudal lords. The emperor saw how Japan was at a great disadvantage from being in isolation for so many years. He knew that in order to strengthen Japan, change was need ed. This resulted in the Meiji Restoration. By 1912 Japan had a highly centralized government. There was a constitution establishing under an elected parliament. Japan had a well developed transport and communication system. Japan also increased their knowledge. There were no more feudal class restrictions in Japan. Japan was no longer weak, instead they were powerful. Japan changed from being a militarily weak country to having a powerful army  and navy. During the Tokugawa Shogunate, samurai were the soldiers of Japan. However, due to the long period of isolationism, samurais were losing their military function. Sumaris were used more for symbolism rather than support. In 1853, Commodore Perry came to Japan and threatened to destroy them if Japan did not open ports for trade. Japan’s army was to weak at that time to ignore this threat. Due to this, the Meiji reformers eliminated the outdated samurais and built a fresh new imperial army. The Meiji reforms did not want to be the target of the West, and to do that they needed to have a strong and superior army. The japanese believed a strong army was the key to imperialist success. A strong army can allow expansion. During the Great Depression, it was difficult for countries to trade. Japan was reliant on imports of resources from other countries such as the United States. The lack of impor ts resulted in Japanese expansion to China. The Japanese thought if they colonized China, they could be a non reliant country. They could support themselves with supplies. Japan were able to use military strategies in order to expand. In 1931, the Japanese blamed the Chinese for putting an unknown bomb in a railway near Shenyang. They used this as an excuse to completely occupy Manchuria. Manchuria had all the necessities that were needed by the Japanese such as coal, iron, and other minerals. This resulted in the colonization of Manchuria. Japan invaded Manchuria so that they no longer had to depend on foreign trade for resources. In 1941, Japan bombed Pearl Harbor. This act of aggression showed that Japan believed they were strong enough to fight the militant strong United States. In 1853 the United States had sent a threat to weak Japan, however throughout the years Japan trained its army and back fired at the United States. THis showed how Japan had changed it’s military drastically since 1853. Despite all these changes, Japan continued the belief of Kokutai. Kokutai was strong Japanese identification. Kokutai gave the Japanese one common identity. This related every Japanese to another. Despite the weak military, economy, and culture during the Tokugawa Shogunate Period, it was still a period of advocation for kokutai. According to the Japanese, they believed that the emperor was a descendant of god and so were the Japanese people. This belief made the Japanese think that their race was superior. This nationalism was a uniting factor. The tokugawa Shogunate period used kokutai as means of maintaining the Japanese culture. After the Meiji Restoration, the emperor wanted to maintain this uniting factor so he established a Shinto-oriented state. Shinto teachers would advocate kokutai ideology to children. This resulted in a rise of nationalism. IN 1853, when Japan opened their ports, they ended isolationism. The end of isolationism imported several Western ideas, however the Japanese did not use this as a weakness. Instead they integrated their Japanese beliefs of kokutai with western ideas. They adopted the western culture and used it with national polity. In the 1930’s, Japan saw that imperialism was necessary in order to get the resources they needed. The idea of racial superiority made the Japanese they are better than any other country and they can invade any country they want. In 1937, the Japanese captured Nanking and harmed thousands of civilians because the Japanese believed they were better than the Chinese. This was known as the Nanking Massacre. There was mass murder and mass rape done by the Japanese troops. Since the Japanese were â€Å"superior,† they believed it was okay to treat the Chinese this way. They were inferior because they were not descendants of God. Between the time of 1853 to 1941, Japan’s culture and political structure became more Westernized so that they can be an equal power to the Western imperialistic nations. Japan also became a strong militaristic country, so that they could defend themselves from any hindering imperialistic power. In spite of all these changes, kokutai advocated extreme nationalism and racial superiority throughout Japan. The end of isolationism made Japan rise as an imperialist power. The Great Depression was the main driving factor for imperialistic views in Japan. Japan was able to accomplish their goal of westernizing while still maintaining Japanese distinct ideologies such as kokutai. Through Japan’s progression from 1853 to 1941, it can be seen how significantly the Western nations impacted Pacific nations.

Visas H-1B para profesionales y modelos para USA

Visas H-1B para profesionales y modelos para USA Las visas H-1B permiten a profesionales y modelos trabajar en Estados Unidos. Son visados de doble intencià ³n, es decir, para obtenerlo no es necesario probar la intencià ³n de regresar al paà ­s de origen lo que permite ms fcilmente buscar un cambio hacia una tarjeta de residencia (green card) Quià ©nes pueden solicitar la visa H-1B Este tipo de visa beneficia a tres tipos de actividades laborales   Por un lado, los modelos que tengan una trayectoria profesional de reconocido prestigio. Su visa ser una H-1B3.Adems, pueden aplicar los profesionales como arquitectos, mà ©dicos, maestros etc. En otras palabras, cualquier persona con conocimientos especializados y estudios de tà ­tulo universitario o superiores debidamente validados. Si son aprobados, recibirn una H-1B. Dependiendo de los estados, debern obtener una licencia profesional en su actividad para poder trabajar.Por à ºltimo, las personas con un tà ­tulo universitario equivalente al Bachelor ´s Degree pueden obtener una H-1B2 para desarrollar e investigar proyectos coordinados por el Departamento de Defensa. Patrocinio para una visa H-1B El proceso se inicia cuando una empresa est dispuesta a contratar a un extranjero. Entre la documentacià ³n que debe aportar destaca la Aplicacià ³n de Condicià ³n Laboral (LCA, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). La finalidad es evitar que extranjeros desempeà ±en trabajos para los que hay estadounidenses o residentes permanentes disponibles. Se aplica ante el Departamento del Trabajo. Para obtener la LCA, el empleador debe comunicar a los representantes de los trabajadores la intencià ³n de contratar a un extranjero. Si no hubiera representante sindical, debe anunciarlo dentro de la empresa. Las compaà ±Ãƒ ­as con ms de 50 trabajadores de los que un 15 por ciento tiene una H-1B deber publicar la existencia de la vacante. Para asegurarse de que la contratacià ³n de un extranjero no es ms barata que la de un ciudadano, la empresa debe garantizar al extranjero un salario y beneficios iguales al que ya paga a empleados similares. La à ºnica excepcià ³n a la certificacià ³n laboral es para la H-1B2. Una vez conseguida la LCA, tiene que enviarse junto con un formulario I-129 al USCIS. Si se aprueba, si la persona que va a recibir la visa se encuentra en el extranjero debe solicitar que se le emita a la Embajada correspondiente. Si se encuentra ya en EU puede comenzar a trabajar, pero la primera vez que salga del paà ­s deber ir a la Embajada estadounidense para tener la visa estampada en su pasaporte. Esto muy importante para poder volver entrar a Estados Unidos. Là ­mite de visas H-1B que se aprueban anualmente Cada aà ±o fiscal, que en Estados Unidos comienza el 1 de octubre de cada aà ±o natural, se conceden hasta un mximo de 65,000 H-1B. Una vez que se emite ese nà ºmero, no se concedern ms hasta el siguiente aà ±o fiscal. No estn limitados por ese cupo anual: 1. Los extranjeros que hayan estudiado una maestrà ­a o un doctorado en una universidad estadounidense. Para ellos hay un cupo adicional por aà ±o fiscal de 20,000 visas anuales. 2. Los profesionales cuyos empleadores sean centros de investigacià ³n sin fin de lucro o universidades.   Para los ciudadanos de ciertos paà ­ses se reserva un nà ºmero de H-1B, como el caso de Chile con 1,400 visas. Cundo aplicar Esta informacià ³n sà ³lo es para los casos de visas sujetas a là ­mites anuales. Por lo tanto no aplica a los contratados por instituciones de educacià ³n o investigacià ³n.   El resto de los solicitantes deben saber que cada cupo anual de visas comienza a emitirse a partir del uno de octubre de cada aà ±o, la solicitud puede ser presentada hasta seis meses antes: el 1 de abril. En los à ºltimos aà ±os,   el nà ºmero de aplicaciones es tan alto que se excede el là ­mite los primeros dà ­as de abril. Cuando asà ­ sucede, se realiza una loterà ­a para ver quà © solicitudes son tramitadas. Quà © empresas pueden patrocinar una visa H-1B Cualquiera que cumpla los requisitos, desde las ms grades a las ms chicas. Y aunque es cierto que la mayorà ­a de esas visas se van al sector tecnolà ³gico, nada impide que se utilicen en otros campos. Por ejemplo, es muy frecuente que tambià ©n se dà © en Educacià ³n y en Sanidad. Para mejor hacerse una idea es recomendable consultar cules son las 100 empresas que ms H-1B patrocinan, para quà © sectores y cul es el salario medio que ofrecen a los patrocinados.   Demora de los trmites para la visa En este artà ­culo se puede aprender a calcular las demoras para todo tipo de trmites migratorios. En el caso de la H-1B, para conocer los tiempos del PERM (DoL por sus siglas en inglà ©s), USICS y, finalmente, consulado. En la actualidad  no se puede solicitar aplicacià ³n exprà ©s de la visa H-1B  por decisià ³n del gobierno del presidente Donald Trump. Vigencia de la visa H-1B La H-1B se otorga por tres aà ±os que se pueden prorrogar hasta un total de seis y para los titulares de una H1-B2 hasta diez. Pero existen excepciones que permiten mantener la visa por ms tiempo: 1. Hasta tres extensiones de un aà ±o o una por tres aà ±os cuando el titular de la visa ha solicitado un cambio de estatus y ha presentado el formulario I-140 antes de cumplir su quinto aà ±o y est pendiente de una respuesta. 2. Una extensià ³n por tres aà ±os si el ajuste de estatus ha sido concedido pero se debe esperar a que haya cupo disponible. La disponibilidad puede tardar varios aà ±os y depende del paà ­s de origen del solicitante y de la categorà ­a por la que pide el cambio de estatus. Coste de la visa H-1B Varà ­a entre $1,000 y $5,000, dependiendo del tipo de empresa que solicita la visa, si se utiliza abogado. Generalmente paga la empresa pero se conocen casos en los que paga el trabajador. Estas son las tarifas promedio de que cobran los abogados de inmigracià ³n. Vida en EU con una H-1B Para conservar la H-1B el titular debe trabajar sà ³lo para el empresario que ha patrocinado su visa. Se pagan impuestos. El rà ©gimen fiscal puede ser complejo ya que se puede tener un estatus fiscal de extranjero residente o de extranjero no residente por lo que es frecuente recurrir a un fiscalista experto. En todas las nà ³minas se deducen cantidades para Medicare y Seguridad Social. Si el extranjero trabaja ms de diez aà ±os en EU tendr derecho a beneficiarse de esos pagos realizados a la Seguridad Social. Si trabaja menos, dependiendo si su paà ­s tiene o no un tratado bilateral con USA, podr contabilizar los aà ±os cotizados aquà ­. El cà ³nyuge y los hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os pueden vivir en USA con una visa H-4. Si los nià ±os estn estudiando la primaria o la secundaria es recomendable familiarizarse antes de llegar a Estados Unidos con las particularidades del sistema educativo, para asà ­ tomar la mejor decisià ³n sobre quà © tipo de escuela elegir para los muchachos. Como regla general los esposos con H-4 no pueden trabajar, con dos excepciones que aplican desde mayor de 2015. Por à ºltimo, se deber comunicar al USCIS el cambio de domicilio en los diez dà ­as siguientes a producirse. Cambio de estatus, transfer, dimisià ³n, despido y caducidad Puede solicitarse un cambio de estatus para obtener una tarjeta de residencia permanente. Tambià ©n puede cambiar su visa a otra diferente, como por ejemplo, a una visa de estudiante. Tambià ©n se  puede pedir un transfer a otra empresa, que tiene que ser aprobado. Si el trabajador dimite, su visa pierde vigencia y debe salir del paà ­s. Si es despedido, la empresa debe pagar por los gastos de repatriacià ³n. La salida debe ser inmediata.   A veces no es posible, pero para no arriesgarse a quedarse como indocumentado se recomienda solicitar una visa de visitante y asà ­ se cuenta con hasta un mximo de 120 dà ­as, mientras la nueva visa se tramita, para prepararse para regresar al paà ­s de origen sin perder el estatus de legal. Para mayor informacià ³n consultar este artà ­culo para saber cundo es posible ingresar a Estados Unidos con una visa de esta categorà ­a y cul es el periodo de gracia, una vez que finaliza el empleo. Creacià ³n de una empresa y la H-1B En principio es posible fundar una empresa en USA y que la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a patrocine con una H-1B a su propietario. Sin embargo, debido a las condiciones de la visa, entre otras, el salario alto que se debe de pagar a los patrocinados, es una opcià ³n complicada y en la que siempre conviene contar con el asesoramiento de un buen abogado de inmigracià ³n. De hecho, estas son otras 8  opciones para obtener una visa y fundar una empresa en EEUU. Alternativa a la H-1B para profesionales mexicanos Mexicanos y canadienses pueden aplicar por la visa TN. Estas son las ms de 60 profesiones que permiten calificar. Te puede interesar Estas son las 30  profesiones que tendrn un mayor crecimiento en la demanda de empleo hasta el aà ±o 2022,  Ã‚  segà ºn el Departamento de Trabajo y tambià ©n un comparativo  salarial de 18 profesiones en 8 paà ­ses. Y es que no para todas las profesiones es Estados Unidos el mejor paà ­s para trabajar. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

History of Red Bull Company

History of Red Bull Company Introduction Red Bull is one of the leading energy drinks manufacturer and distributor in the world. The firm was started in 1987 in Thailand, and has since gained a global market coverage. According to Lehmann (2005, p. 138), this firm experienced massive success in 1990s because this industry was less competitive. The company chose a market niche that had few players.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on History of Red Bull Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most of the major firms in this industry were manufacturing and distributing fizzy drinks and other beverages. Coming with the energy drinks was seen as a unique trend, and this earned this firm a lot of market share during its early stages of existence. The firm has been able to expand to other international markets, especially in Europe and the United States. The report by Lehmann (2005, p. 140) shows that it is the world’s largest energy dri nks manufacturer and distributer. The success of Red Bull in the market can be attributed to the three elements of marketing which include people, place, and physical evidence. Red Bull has been successful because of the employees involved in the firm at various capacities. The place element of marketing mix has also been very important in helping the firm achieve maximum success. Physical evidence has also played a major role in helping this firm to succeed. This research will analyze these factors in order to determine their relevance to the performance of this firm. Discussion Red Bull’s success in the market can be attributed to the three marketing elements mentioned above. According to Ewbank and Foulger (2010, p. 26), it is always important to analyze some of the specific success factors in an organization based on the marketing mix elements. Upon a critical study of Red Bull, the researcher has been able to determine that the three elements of people, place, and physic al evidence have played a major role in helping this firm achieve success in the market. It would be important to understand how individual element have helped this firm achieve success.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More People Element People form one of the most important elements of marketing mix within an organization. Success of a firm always depend on the activities of its employees. According to Ewbank and Foulger (2010, p. 27), employees form the most important resource within an organization. They carry the vision of an organization, and their skills, talents, and level of dedication would always determine success of an organization. At Red Bull, the employees have played an important role in helping it achieve its current success. The firm has been on hiring competent employees with the capacity of meeting the demands of the dynamic market. The firm has been keen to ensure that its recruitment procedure is rigorous, and only passionate and talented employees are hired. The company has various recruitment processes that ensure they get the right people for various responsibilities within the company. Employees hired through such rigorous processes are nurtured by the company through in-service trainings and participation in relevant responsibilities in order to help them develop their careers. The company has put measures to monitor its sales team to ensure that they are working within the expectations of the firm. This element has played a major role in the recent expansion of this firm (Lehmann 2005, p. 143). Red Bull has kept a team of highly motivated employees who are able to meet the changing needs of consumers. Its marketing personnel has been actively conducting market research in order to gain understanding of the changing marketing forces. If this firm maintains this group of motivated employees, then chances are high that it is destined to greater success. Place Element A firm must define a clear method that it uses to make its products reach consumers in good time and in good quality. A sound choice needs to be made on whether the company would sell its products through direct representation or strategic distributors. Red Bull has been keen on selecting the right channels of distributing its products in the global market.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on History of Red Bull Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Red Bull started by distributing its products to small distribution outlets like health clubs and bars during its early stages of existence. However, this distribution strategy changed when the firm started experiencing market growth. The management realized that it could no longer rely on the simpler distribution strategies that it had been using within its hometown. The management had to define a new distri bution strategy that would meet the changing market demands, especially when it went global with its products. To penetrate new markets, the management of Red Bull has been targeting strategic distributors to ensure that its products reach the global market. One of the strategies that the firm has been using in the past is strategic alliance formation with specific wholesalers, large retailers and other distributers in different markets to ensure that its products are made available in the global market. Strategic alliances offer a viable option for this firm to make its products available in the global market without the need to have its own employees spread across the world. In situations where strategic alliances are not viable, Red Bull has rented its own warehouses and distributed its products using various transport systems. However, it is important to note that this method has come with increased capital investment that Red Bull must incur. Although its gives this company mor e autonomy in distribution of its products, the costs reduces profitability. This explains why the management of Red Bull has been seeking strategic alliances with various firms in the global market. Red Bull has considered the use of technology to enhance the place element of the marketing mix. The firm has considered using vending machines to distribute its products, especially in gyms, clubs, and universities in selected cities. Such a move increases awareness of its products to a larger market segment enabling the company to increase its market share. These alternative distribution channels has helped this firm to increase sales. The use of the vending machines has however, met some resistance in the market. The place element has also been enhanced through the use of internet. Red Bull has used internet to market its products globally.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The firm has also been very active in the social media as a way of increasing the geographic market for its products. Most of its major adverts have been made through social media such as Facebook, YouTube, and Tweeter. The company has adopted this strategy because most of its customers are actively on social media. Physical presence According to Kotler (2005, p. 114), consumers in the current market have become very critical of the physical appearance of the places where they make their purchases. Initially, firms ignored the importance of the physical structure they used to deliver their products to the consumers. For instance, many firms did not bother about the appearance of the shops as long as customers were able to get the products they desired within the right time. However, this has changed over the recent years, and Red Bull is one of the firms that have realized the importance of the beautifying the facilities they use to deliver the products to their customers. The physi cal attractiveness of the exterior and interior facilities that firms use have currently been used by the customers to judge the quality of products that a firm delivers, and its commitment to the customers. When a customer is exposed to a poorly designed shopping facility, they would always make a negative judgment about the firm and all its products. The management of Red Bull has come up with elaborate programs that have changed the physical appearance of its shopping facilities. Over the past one decade, this firm has changed the design of most of its facilities (Kotler 2005, p. 115). At its production plant, the firm has ensured that employees are provided with attractive and safe working stations that offers them motivation. This has helped improve their performance. The firm has also restricted its stores that it uses to sell its products directly to consumers. One of the issues that has been raising a lot of concern in the market is the need to have many exists at these shop ping malls for the purpose of enhancing security. The management of Red Bull has responded positively to this requirements. The firm has also constructed beautiful outlets in a number of locations within the United States and other major markets around the world. This helps in convincing its customers that it is committed to offering them products of high quality. Conclusion and Recommendations It is clear from the analysis of the three elements of marketing mix that Red Bull has been using that the market is getting increasingly competitive. This firm must come up with clear systems that would enable it manage the future market in order to remain competitive in the future market. The analysis shows that Red Bull has done performed well in managing the current market forces. The firm has tried to be dynamic in order to change with the changing market forces. However, the firm should consider the following recommendations if it expects to gain competitive advantage over its rivals in this industry. When dealing with people as one of the elements of marketing mix, the management should try to focus on nurturing talents among its employees. The current competitive market requires innovative minds that can enable the firm to come up with new ideas of handling various activities within the firm. The place element of marketing mix need to involve extensive use of the modern technologies in order to reach customers. Technology has reduced the world into a small global village. It order to maximize benefits of this village, Red Bull should use modern technologies of communication to each out to the global consumers. Physical evidence always portrays a firm’s commitment towards delivering value to its customers. The management should make an effort to beautify most of its physical facilities, especially at its outlets. Customers will always make a judgment of the value of products they purchase from this firm by analyzing the appearance of these physical facili ties. List of References Ewbank, A Foulger, T 2010, ‘Red Bull, Starbucks, and the Changing Face of Teacher Education’, The Phi Delta Kappan, vol. 92. no. 2, pp. 25-28. Kotler, P 2005, ‘The Role Played by the Broadening of Marketing Movement in the History of Marketing Thought’, Journal of Public Policy Marketing, vol. 24 no. 1, pp. 114-186. Lehmann, D 2005, ‘Dimensions of Marketings Relationship to Society’, Journal of Public Policy Marketing, vol. 24. no. 1, pp. 137-142.

How To Work With Designers To Collaborate Even Better

How To Work With Designers To Collaborate Even Better Writers, editors, managers, and developers. That’s all you need for a great content marketing team right? Let’s not forget about that one other role†¦.you know, the role that no one really knows how to handle? The one mystical role that speaks their own language and talks too much about color. Yeah, that one, the designers. While they  might dress out of the norm, or talk about things you might care less about, its still important to learn how to work with designers  since they can be a very valuable member of the team. As a designer, myself, I love working with non-designers because I can bring my perspective to the problem at hand. But, in order to do that, there are a few things that need to happen. Here is my best advice on how to work with designers to communicate better than ever, collaborate more efficiently, and publish awesome content. How To Work With Designers With Authentic Advice From s Designer via @ashtonwirrengaBy the way, designers! That poster might be a fun one to hang at  your editor's desk! ;) 1. Communicate Early On The earlier, the better. Your  designer wants to know exactly which problem you’re trying to solve so they can lend their expertise to solving it. But without communication right away, they may end up solving a totally different problem, or not solving anything you'd really like them to work on at all. The best thing to do is to set up an initial discussion to cover these three points: What's the problem?  Focus on what the problem is rather than how you want the solution to look. Like any project, there are probably ten different solutions, but it's a matter of picking the one perfect for you. Designers are trained to think through each possibility and find the one that fits your need. Then, and only then, can you start discussing the physical appearance. What are your goals and expectations? Instead of talking about how you’d like the solution to look, talk about your goals and expectations instead. What would you like the solution to do for your customers? Maybe you’re trying to increase a certain metric. At , we have three specific goals (growing traffic, email subscribers, and our users), and so we focus each and every design on accomplishing them. What are the guidelines? While designers may dream all the way to the moon with possibilities, it's key to know what our guidelines and criteria are for the project. Is there a budget? What about a deadline? Who’s the project lead? Go over all of the details associated with the project itself so your designer delivers the chosen solution at the price and time you’d like. Remember, though, that while guidelines are completely necessary when it comes to the logistics, it's important to leave creative areas open for your  designer to explore. Help  your  designer challenge the status quo and create something better than you’ve ever seen before. At , we communicate writer to designer by using the comments section in each and every piece of content we publish- blog posts, ebooks, webinars, Twitter chats- which is a project management tool built right into . When we published a post with Sujan, who is a guest blogger, we used 's comment functionality to keep everything up to speed. This creates a space for the conversation to not only begin, but for it to stay as a reference point as we continue working on the blog.  We also manage guidelines and expectations by using tasks and a workflow right in so we always meet our deadlines. For the post you're reading right now, our content marketing team used to manage our workflow. We're 60% done with the post right now! All in all, communication is super important  in every team project, and this couldn’t be more true for working with a designer. We want to listen and take your ideas and turn them into a physical result that both accomplishes your goals and looks incredible. Help designers challenge the status quo to  create something better than you’ve ever seen. #design2. Tell Us Your Ideas Just because you may not be a designer, it doesn’t mean that you don’t have ideas†¦ so share them with us!  One of the biggest  misconceptions out there, especially between writers and designers, is the idea that designers hate getting examples of other projects that may inspire the one at hand. While designers surely do hate being asked to copy others' work, or hate getting constrained to "make it just like that", designers can highly benefit from seeing visual examples of what you’re looking for. As creative professionals who live in a world of visual communication, visuals are probably the best thing you can  show your designer to illustrate your ideas. After you’ve discussed the problem at hand, use  the communication designers know best by showing images of what you like and don’t like. This will help your  designer to understand your initial preferences and style right away. Working with designers?  Share  your ideas, then empower  their  creativity to come to life. #designOne way our writers do this at is by using Evernote Web Clipper. Any time they see an article, image, or moment of inspiration, they can use the Clipper and it automatically gets stored in our team Evernote folder which we can access through . Evernote's Web Clipper pulls inspiration your designer can see right in your editorial calendar. From there, I have full access to not only what they’re seeing, but also the notes or comments they have along with it. When working with designers, feel free to tell us your ideas. We want the design process to incorporate everyone’s ideas as that’s where creativity comes to life. 3. Understand What We Value If you’re a writer or editor, you probably care about SEO, grammar styles, and overall tone of voice. If you’re a marketer, you probably value metrics, goals, and how to better reach your audience. Both these roles are incredibly valuable, but it's important to note that designers have their own area of interest. Designers value the experience your user goes through when they  see your product. Sure, the text they read  or the amount of traffic the site gets is important, but overall, we value and care primarily about the user's experience. Designers value the experience your user goes through when they see  your product. #design Designers care about how the user feels and what they think. What will they remember about the experience? This means that while you may be data-driven, we’d rather the project be data-influenced. The numbers matter, but creative strategies can’t always be tracked. Understand what designers value, and you’ll better understand the way in which we think about the solution. A simple way to find out how the user is feeling, is by creating a survey. We’ve used Polldaddy to host multiple surveys and it's a way to get data around how our users experience and feel when using . I personally love statistics and numbers, so you may find that your designer does too, and can start the conversation there. You're data-driven. Designers are data-influenced. How To Work With Designers #design4. Care About The Details So now that you’ve had the initial conversation about what the problem is, you’ve presented your ideas, and know a little more about what your  designer values, it’s time to talk design. What I love most about design, is how it can directly impact the user’s experience in a way that influences the user to act. What the end goal is up to you, but every designer has a few different visual tools they use in order to accomplish this: Color, typography, hierarchy, imagery, etc. This is our bread and butter! We live and breathe color schemes, the differences between Helvetica and Ariel, and just how to order items on a page. These terms will definitely come up in conversation, so if you’d like a better understanding of a designer’s toolset, check this out. Although which colors are used and what typefaces are selected may seem like the part that makes the solution ‘pretty’, there’s actually a lot of psychology and decision making behind the scenes that can either make or break the overall design. Help your designer out by allowing them room to care about these things. Let them explore different styles so that they can deliver the best for your project. #Design isn't making things pretty. It's theory and psychology that creates lasting experiences.5. Trust Us If I’m being completely honest, there’s nothing worse than working with a client  who doesn’t trust my design decisions. First, in order to avoid this from happening, make sure the relationship is a good fit from the beginning, and then once it is, please trust your designer. Let your designer take risks, give them space to do their thing, and encourage their creative freedom. Trust your designer to take risks with  #creative freedom to bring life to your project.Designers are trained for and are passionate about what they do, so let them do it! If you’ve communicated what needs to be solved, then it's time for the designer to do their magic. Designers all have their difference preferences about how they work best, whether at a coffee shop, home, or in the office, but wherever it may be, give them space to think about the problem and discover all the ideas and possibilities. When it comes time for feedback, your designer will reopen the conversation, but for now, trust them to do what they do best. 6. Feedback Is Welcome The most valuable and scary part of going to art school is the critiques. They often take place one or two times during the design process, and then again at the end. The critique process is forever engrained in any designer’s memory, and thus when it comes to your project, they not only want feedback, but expect it. Here are four points to help guide your feedback for your designer: #Design isn’t like a vending machine where the snack immediately falls into your hands. It’s a  process. A design solution isn’t like a vending machine where you put in a quarter and the snack immediately falls into your hands. Design is a step-by-step process that takes time, thought, and skill. Understand that your designer may be needing feedback at stage one long before anything is finalized. At this stage, the design is far from perfect and might still need direction. Be honest, but nice. There’s really no value in feedback unless it's coming from an honest mind. However, please remember to be nice. Even if the design is completely opposite of what you expected, there’s a proper way to go about discussing why your designer made their decision, and how to go about fixing it. Listen.  Let your  designer explain their thought process before you jump in. What may seem completely awful at first glance might actually make sense after you hear the designer’s reasoning for that particular design decision. Listening to the designer shows them respect and gives time for stylistic preferences to be shed while design thinking comes to light. Tell us why.  In the review process, tell us why  you don’t like it or why it looks weird. Don’t just express personal preference. Design elements such as color, typefaces, and imagery often have preconceived experiences for each person, and so not only is it important to remember that we aren’t designing for yourself, but rather the user, it's also key to know why that preference exists. It may not apply to the design at hand. Feedback is incredibly important to the designer and a perfect checkpoint of communication between both parties while the design is still in process. This is a great time to review the problem, ideas, and goals that were initially stated, in order to see how the proposed design fits those criteria. Designers don't design for their editors, they #design for the user.7. Give Credit A thank you here and there never hurt anyone, and the same is applicable to working with your designer. Designers are often the mystical, misunderstood role on the team, so affirming their role not only encourages them, but increases their own confidence in their design process. When confidence is there, the possibilities are endless, making the solution even better. Encourage them, say thank you, and it’ll go a long way. So, Are You Ready To Work With A Designer? Working with designers ultimately comes down to being on the same page.  While you may speak a different language and care about different things, there are ways to communicate throughout the design process that will help  you both give your best to the final outcome. Encourage your designer, let them to do their thing, create a space for feedback, and then give them credit once it’s all said and done. Designers love working with non-designers! Let’s make something great together. Bonus: What NOT  To Say To A  Designer... This one is just for fun! But it's also a super helpful tool to help you communicate clearly and avoid misunderstandings: Can you make this pretty for me? Design is about function, not just appearance. Can you make this for my presentation later today? Effective design takes time, don’t force us to design poorly. Can you make it look like this? Designers have no interest in copying something. Plus, it's illegal. Can you photoshop it? Designer’s aren’t just another creative tool, we’re actually interested in solving the problem at hand. Can you make it pop? Making it pop means nothing to us. Explain WHY you don’t like it please. I’ll know it when I see it. Designers need a specific problem to solve. We aren’t mind readers.

Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Questions - Assignment Example The French has a lasting impact on language as most of it is used in Canada today. Additionally, England led to naming of colonies that still exist today such as Virginia and Maryland. In addition, it led to the introduction of protestant. The Great Plains and western part are dry due to constant land exploitation at the time of colonization. Intensive agriculture led by settlers led to breakage of prairie responsible for moisture conservation at the area. As a result, the area became drier and arid. There are factors contributing to Hispanic immigration to United States. The factors include poverty, unemployment and deplorable social conditions in their country as well as promise for prosperity, wealth and happiness. The remittance is the transfer of money by a foreign worker to an individual in his/her home country. The remittance helps the immigrants to boost the economic status of their country as well as help their kin. The Great Migration was the movement of African American from the south to go and work in the industrialized north. The impact on United States was distribution of blacks to various parts of the north as it is today. The main protestant religions denominations include Baptist church, northern Appalachia and the lower Midwest, and the Roman Catholic Church. Baptist church is widespread in the south due to its popularity among African American that lived there. The northern Appalachia and the lower Midwest are located in areas significantly influenced by awakening and revival. the roman catholic church dominates the southeast, southwest and western due to heavy presence of Hispanics that are staunch follower of the

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Essay

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass - Essay Example In the opening sentences of his narrative, Douglass stated the fact that slave owners thought of slaves as animals (Douglass, 47). It was not just the slave owners who treated their slaves as animals but the slaves themselves also had the perception about themselves. The access to reading opened a new world for Douglass and casted a new light on the world he was already living. The dawning of self-consciousness was the outcome of the acquisition of reading skills, which made him capable to think independently. He also stated that learning to read was a curse rather than a blessing because after gaining knowledge he was able to see his miserable condition with no remedy to get out of it (Douglass, 84). Douglass occasional regrets regarding his wretched condition were due to the knowledge that self-education afforded him and was the main source to change his status from a slave. The ability to read and write was important in the eyes of Douglass because it was through this ability he w as able to describe his story in his own words and refuted the common misconception that slaves were not capable enough to communicate through the standard conventions of American literature. The ability to fully understand his environment and comprehend the hopelessness of the situation faced by him and other slaves was only because of the literacy which was the greatest tool to work for the freedom of slaves. This revolutionary incident of Douglass was the turning point in his career as a slave which revived a wave of manhood in his heart (Douglass, 113). There are no illusions that education plays a key role in setting slaves free because it equips them with the skills and knowledge to improve their lives. It helps in articulating the injustice caused by the slavery and awakens the consciousness to fight against abolition. In case of Frederick Douglass, he was able to reveal the strategy of his master, Hugh Auld, about how he used to manage to keep blacks as slaves and by which b lacks would be able to free themselves. This quote from his narration clearly depicts the importance of learning: â€Å"If you teach that nigger how to read, there would be no keeping him. It would forever unfit him to be a slave. He would at once become unmanageable, and of no value to his master† (Douglass, 49). These ironic words were delivered to the Mistress, wife of Auld, who taught Douglass how to read and was strictly forbidden because they believed that education ruins slaves. The transformation of a kind-hearted woman to a harsh mistress made him realize that the institution of slavery has a major effect on well-intentioned people as well (Douglass, 82). This means that illiteracy and ignorance were the most important elements in the subjugation of slaves. The desire to gain more knowledge was not only a constant battle for Douglass as it was unlawful to teach a slave to read and had to be a secretive process (Douglass, 20). Douglas further said that his mistress ga ve him the start by teaching the alphabets and nothing was so powerful to prevent him from learning (Douglass, 81). The harsh attitude of mistress and vigilance to stop Douglass from seeking knowledge by many means made him clear that an educated slave is a dangerous notion for the masters. It can be noticed that when it comes to education, masters and slaves are inherently opposite to each other. The thing that changed the whole life

Leukemia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leukemia - Research Paper Example Different types of blood cells have their own respective tasks. Different types of the white blood cells serve the purpose of fighting infection whereas the red blood cells are the fundamental source of oxygen to all tissues in the body. Platelets are another kind of blood cells that help control bleeding by forming blood clots. Stem cells form all three kinds of blood cells as per the requirement of body. Older cells get damaged with time and expire to make room for new cells. Bone marrow in the bones of an individual who suffers from leukemia produces abnormal white blood cells which are termed as the leukemia cells. Leukemia cells continue to live far beyond the time that normal blood cells expire. As a result of that, they grow larger in number as compared to the usual white blood cells, platelets and the red blood cells which does not allow the normal blood cells to function as they normally do. Types of Leukemia: Leukemia can be classified into different types depending upon th e speed of development of the disease and its aggravation. There are two basic types of leukemia, namely the chronic leukemia and the acute leukemia. Chronic leukemia is the type of leukemia that takes some time to get worse whereas the acute leukemia is that sort of leukemia that worsens quite quickly. 1. Chronic Leukemia: When the disease is in the initial stages, leukemia cells are able to do considerable amount of work of the normal white blood cells. As a result of this, the victims of disease may not discover any symptoms in the start. In a vast majority of cases, chronic leukemia gets diagnosed by the doctor in a routine checkup without the indication of any symptoms. As some time passes, leukemia gets worse. This happens as the blood contains an increased number of leukemia cells. This is the time when symptoms start to show up. The patient develops infections or swollen lymph nodes. These symptoms are mild in the start and with time, get worse. 2. Acute Leukemia: Acute leuk emia cells are not able to function as the normal white blood cells. In this type of disease, the leukemia cells quickly increase in number. Accordingly, the acute leukemia rapidly aggravates. Prognosis of Leukemia: A disease’s prognosis is an overview of its development and life expectancy. This is estimated considering the historic medical data. Prognosis for the different kinds of leukemia is discussed below: 1. Prognosis for chronic leukemia: Symptoms of chronic leukemia take quite some time to show up. In the initial stages of the disease, the patient may experience night sweats, swollen spleen, fatigue, and lack of energy (Pilgrim). More middle aged adults are affected by this kind of leukemia as compared to children. Prognosis of chronic leukemia depends upon the level of aggravation of the disease. Bone marrow transplant and chemotherapy are commonly employed as the methods of treatment for the chronic leukemia. In the early stages of the disease, patients can expect to live for 98 months. Patients who have been suffering from this disease for quite some time should expect a life of 65 months more, whereas the ones who are in the last stage of the disease can expect a life of 42 months (Pilgrim). 2. Prognosis of acute leukemia: Acute leukemia is a more severe type of leukemia because the disease aggravates faster. This type of leukemia commonly occurs in adults. 20 to 40 per cent of the patients of acute leukemia continue to live up to a minimum of 60 months if the disease gets

Media influence on human papilloma virus (HPV) and vaccines Research Paper

Media influence on human papilloma virus (HPV) and vaccines - Research Paper Example It can lead to cancer infection if the patient has stayed with the virus for a long time (Clifford, Rana, Franceschi, Smith, Gough & Pimenta, 2005). Active men and women can be infected with this virus in their lifetime. Media influence on human papilloma virus (HPV) and vaccines Bennett et al (2012) conducted a study on 143 college age women concerning their intentions to obtain the HPV vaccine. Participants were given a questionnaire, and the predictors showed positive attitudes towards the vaccine. The results indicated that personal beliefs were on the vaccine varied and that people who networked through social media increased their chances of getting vaccinated. This shows that women were able to share on vaccination through their social media networking which had an influence on the intentions on vaccination. Through the media, people are able to get informed and enlightened. They acquire information which may be relevant to their day to day life (Bennett et al 2012). Newspaper s, television, and the Internet have enabled human beings to connect to each other. The world has become a small village since people can connect and share ideas and concerns. It is on this point, which the study revealed that college age women relate with each other through the social media. Human beings have the ability to share and open up to their loved ones. This may be relatives or friends. Such discussions had a significant influence on the aspect of having intentions for HPV vaccination. Women are associated with beauty of their skin and cannot be comfortable with slumps on their bodies (Jamison, Kaplan, Hamman, Eagar, Beach & Douglas, 1995). This shows that such college women, who may be at the prime of their beauty, will develop positive intentions towards this vaccination. Betsch et al (2012) has contributed on this subject of media influence. They indicate that a significant number of people access the Internet. Such people use the Internet to acquire information regardi ng their health. The health information may include vaccines. People interact and share information that may promote vaccination intentions. They use the Internet to communicate theories of effective vaccination. It indicates that media has become a source of information in regard to vaccination. The study reflected that some people become skeptical on the efficiency of vaccine preventable diseases such as HPV. People become worried as a result of the side effects that may come with this activity. Individuals need to be healthy so as to propagate the economy. According to Betsch et al (2012), situations where one is not well informed, the personality may keep off from vaccination. However, the study suggests that such individuals can get their solutions from the Internet. This information may influence their perspective on vaccination from negative to positive. The Internet has some anti-vaccination information which may affect users negatively (Jenkins & Wold, 2012). Therefore, the public health communicators should provide effective information, which would facilitate customized communication. This can help users to access the public health communication websites in an easier way. Useful information enables one to make a rightful decision in regard to vaccination (Palefsky, Gillison & Strickler, 2006). This illustrates that lack of information can have an influence on the choices that