tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-80288236988956825332024-02-08T02:18:52.813-08:00Best custom writing essayMikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02943722153467947901noreply@blogger.comBlogger207125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8028823698895682533.post-91816964363973269342020-08-26T10:33:00.001-07:002020-08-26T10:33:03.316-07:00Musical Links InvestigationFred Kim Mr. Gillespie IB Music 12 April, 2011 Musical Links Investigation Music is a type of correspondence that fluctuates particularly among various nations similarly as every nation has their own language. Be that as it may, music doesn't just change with area, yet additionally with timeframe and the neighboring melodic societies. To explore how two extremely particular and distinctive melodic societies can be associated through their melodic characteristics, I will look at the likenesses and contrasts between sentimental period and old style period music of flute.Moreover, I will concentrate on one instrument, woodwind, since I have incredible enthusiasm for it, and I have a ton of experience of examining and playing out the instrument. In this examination, I will concentrate on the compositional highlights found in the music, for example, structure and structure, tone shading, state of mind, and melodic foundation. One of the most renowned old style woodwind pieces is concerto in G major No. 1 K313 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Despite the fact that it is generally realized that woodwind was Mozartââ¬â¢s least most loved instrument, the concerto is delightfully written as far as assortment of surface and structure, yet additionally the unobtrusive changes in mood.The concerto is made out of three developments which each has particular attributes. The main development is Allegro maestoso, second development is Adagio mama non troppo and the last development is Rondo: Tempo di Mennuetto. The symphonic part incorporates instrumental strings, two oboes, and two horns. This little size of symphony assume a huge job in accentuating the soloist and moving the mind-set and beat of the music before the soloist comes in. The other piece that I will contrast with the Concerto in G major by Mozart is Concerto in D operation. 283 via Carl Reinecke.It is written in Romantic period and is made out of three developments. The first is Allegro Moderato, the second is Lento e Mesto, and the third development is Moderato. This concerto was composed just before Reinecke passed on. In this manner, the song is increasingly hair-raising and quick contrasted with the showy and upbeat tunes that Mozart had made. The symphonic part remembers all instruments with diminished size for each area. The principal primary similitude that I saw looking at the two woodwind concertos from two diverse timeframe was their structure. Both concertos are made out of three movements.The first is both allegro, the second is both moderate and the last development is the finale for both concertos and is quick and smooth. Not just from the outside perspective, when we take a gander at the inside structure of the pieces from every development, would we be able to discover numerous similitudes. The two pieces start with presenting the primary topic and song and develop it by including varieties from it. Later on, from the two pieces, we can see that the melodic structure falls into u nder a minor harmony making a pitiful and grave state of mind. After somewhat more minor departure from the song and beat, the two pieces go to a recapitulation.Both again presenting the primary subject, forms into another arrangement of minor departure from the tune and cadence which are commonly additionally muddling and higher in notes. Another intriguing element to think about is the opportunity of style, promotion libs, and cadenzas. All in all, Classical pieces are viewed as progressively limited in the manner that soloists perform. They are generally musically stricter than Romantic pieces. Nonetheless, promotion libs, to a specific level, are permitted and are regularly included by well known players, for example, James Galway and Jean-Pierre Rampal.They include some elegance notes, mordents, or trills that were not composed on the score. By doing this, old style pieces give some opportunity in playing in a specific way. Not exclusively are that, in the Concerto in G by Moza rt, there two cadenzas; One in first development and the other in the third development. This Cadenza allowed entertainers to uncover their genuine capacities in both specialized and melodic perspective. Then again, in Romantic Pieces, advertisement libs are typically not permitted, which appears to give it less freedom.However, Romantic piece as a rule has more opportunity of musicality. In this way, entertainers of the Reinecke Concerto generally communicate by differing the beat. Also, in certain melodies, for example, Chaminade Concertino and Mendelsshon Violin Concerto in E minor has cadenzas that are composed as of now however gives the entertainers opportunity to do anything they desire. In this manner, the two time frames that I am looking at both give the entertainers a specific measure of opportunity in playing however neither one of the gives full opportunity to play how ever they wish.By contrasting the two distinct times of western music, Classical and Romantic, I had t he option to acknowledge how Romantic created from Classical, advancing into progressively trademark kind of music. By looking at the m melodically, agreeably, fundamentally, and musically, I had the option to comprehend top to bottom how music times of various time can have certain likenesses and contrasts. In addition, by just contrasting the flute melodies, I was progressively ready to see how despite the fact that all ââ¬Å"languagesâ⬠appear to be changed, they are on the whole methods of correspondence and they do have likenesses. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02943722153467947901noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8028823698895682533.post-10539610117943845842020-08-22T07:53:00.001-07:002020-08-22T07:53:19.858-07:00Service description Essay Example for FreeAdministration depiction Essay Exceed expectations Hygieneââ¬â¢s administrations are arranged around 2 significant classifications: Cleaning and Waste Management. Cleaning is sub-isolated in to pathogen evacuation, and irritation the executives. Squander Management is sub-separated in to on location and off-site tasks. This administration structure is intended to meet all studied client prerequisites, and equivalents the broadest assistance go offered by any of the significant rivals in the section. All administrations won't be important for each site, yet the range will bolster the situating of the organization has a solitary window administration for all cleaning and waste removal needs. In any case, squander tasks will be constrained to bio-clinical materials which can't be put in ordinary assortment territories, or permitted to enter sewage frameworks. So also, cleaning will be confined to keeping pathogens beneath irresistible levels. Cleaning in the lay feeling of the term won't be taken in to contracts on account of the low worth expansion and non-specific nature of the work. Exceed expectations Hygiene will offer help ensures as far as time and quality. This implies teams will visit locales at concurred frequencies. Activities will comply with guidelines for bio-clinical waste and will meet contamination control standards. The last can be affirmed by autonomous microbiology tests on encompassing air, water, surfaces, and natural materials. Microbiology for culture conservation, substance sourcing, calculation advancement, specialized review, and establishment improvement will be in-house capacities. Treatment activities, off-site cremation and compacting, and activity approval will be redistributed to prepared franchisees and to autonomous microbiology research centers. This division of work will serve to ensure the new companyââ¬â¢s restrictive bacterial societies, and will console clients about the impacts of treatment simultaneously. The board Structure Excel Hygiene has been set up as a firmly held privately owned business. 90% of the settled up value has been given by financial speculators, which have likewise given assurances and security to long haul credits and spinning working capital assets. 10% of the value has been outfitted from the investment funds of the official group, and they have value rights from their portions of anticipated benefits, to the degree of another 10% of the possession. Consequently, the drawn out possession will dwell to the degree of 20% with the establishing officials, while 80% will be held by investors. The last will undoubtedly hold their speculations for in any event 5 years after beginning up. The organization may list on a stock trade after this first period. Just one of the establishing officials has a capability in Business Management, so she will work as the Chief Executive Officer of Excel Hygiene. The investors will reserve the option to name an individual from their association to head Management Services, which will incorporate all Finance and Accounting capacities. Targets and Goals To dispatch another bacterial based innovation for the executives of bio-clinical squanders To present novel disease control innovation in medicinal services settings, to give options to by and by utilization of poisonous synthetic concoctions. To offer complete, dependable, and quality cleaning and waste administration administrations to the best wellbeing section of land organizations in a characterized geological territory. To produce high edges for capital compensation back in under 5 years. To accomplish a significant market section portion of 1%. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02943722153467947901noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8028823698895682533.post-49997591575464644512020-08-18T04:25:00.001-07:002020-08-18T04:25:03.615-07:00Grammar Mistakes Even The Best Magazine Writers MakeGrammar Mistakes Even The Best Magazine Writers Make After working as a copyeditor for a regional magazine for the past several years, Ive seen a wide variety of content come across my desk. Some of it has been a breath of fresh airâ"a writer that was as meticulous with grammar as he or she was spellbinding with word choice. Some of it was several notches below this category, with content that would have been appealing if it hadnt included multiple clichés and grammar mistakes.One would assume that freelance writers who have been chosen to write content for a magazine would be above such mistakes in their writing. This is far from the truth, as many magazines invite local bankers, real estate agents, mayors and celebrities to submit articles for a certain section, regardless of the level of their writing skills. Then, there are the freelance writers who, by some small miracle, write a piece about something interesting and catch the editors eye. These writers might be published once but as soon as the copyeditor complains about the la ck of professionalism and grammar skills, it is doubtful that the editor will invite another piece from the author.The easiest way to avoid seeming unprofessional in your craft is to hire a copyeditor or proofreader to ensure that your piece contains flawless grammar before you submit it to an editor for review. Polishing up a piece on the front-end is a lot better than being embarrassed about obvious grammar mistakes that are put into print and could have been avoidedâ"or attempting to salvage your career after being labeled as an unprofessional writer.Therefore, if you are attempting to break into the world of freelance journalism by writing for magazines, here are a few simple grammar mistakes that even the best writers make sometimes, but should be avoided, when possible.Who vs. WhomAt the risk of sounding like an overzealous grammar teacher, this is a pet peeve of many copyeditors that can be easily avoided. If you want the technical explanation, who is a subjective or nominat ive pronoun that goes into the same category as he, she, it, we and they. This means that it is used as the subject of the clause or to replace one of the aforementioned pronouns. Whom, on the other hand, is an objective pronoun, fitting into the same category as him, her, it, us and them. When a pronoun is the object of a clause, whom is the correct choice.But what if you never did well in English grammar and get confused when terms like objective and nominative are thrown at you? Dont worryâ"theres an easy way to know for sure if youre using who and whom correctly. Look at the following sentence:Who/whom will I ask to the dance?Since the who/whom choice is at the beginning of the sentence, your first impulse might be to use who, right? Well⦠dont. Whether its at the beginning, middle or end of the sentence makes little difference. The real questions you should be asking yourself are:How can I rephrase this question?Did I use a nominative pronoun (he/she) or objective pronoun (h im/her) when I rephrased the question?The answer to question 1 is:Will I ask her to the dance?The answer to question 2 is:I used an objective pronoun (her); therefore, whom is the correct choice here.That vs. WhichThis mistake permeates writing on multiple levels, from amateur to graduate-level writing and beyond. However, theres a simple way to ascertain which to use, and it all boils down to one question:Is the clause that follows necessary for the meaning of the sentence?If the answer is yes, then use that. If the answer is no, then use a comma, followed by which.Consider the following sentence:I only eat meat products that are free-range and hormone-free.If we take away the clause following that, namely that are free-range and hormone-free, would the meaning of the sentence change drastically?I only eat meat products.The answer is yes, it would change. There is a lot of difference between the meaning of the first example and the second example. Therefore, that was the correct ch oice here.Now, consider the following sentence:I only eat vegetarian, which is a lifestyle I enjoy.If we take away the clause following which, namely which is a lifestyle I enjoy, would the meaning of the sentence change drastically?I only eat vegetarian.The answer is no, it wouldnt change. The information that followed the comma and which was additional information but the meaning of the sentence stays the same: this person only eats vegetarian. Therefore, which was the correct choice here.Affect vs. EffectThe easiest way to avoid this grammar mistake is to look at how the word is used in the sentence. If the word is used as a verb, it is almost always affect. If the word is used as a noun, it is almost always effect.Consider the following sentences:I was affected by the words you used today.Those words had an effect on me.Its vs. ItsIve seen many editors make this mistake; its that common. However, the explanation for which to use is a simple one:Use its when you are showing posse ssion. For example:The dog bit at its collar all day.Use its when you are showing the contraction of it is. For example:Its a sad day when we cant even stand for the national anthem. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02943722153467947901noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8028823698895682533.post-36086173318675521542020-05-24T08:39:00.001-07:002020-05-24T08:39:04.081-07:00Animal Testing Should Be Banned - 1656 Words [Type text] [Type text] [Type text] 1 Prejean The use of animals in research is a widely controversial topic in today?s scientific community and raises an important ethical issue. Do animals make appropriate research subjects and is it absolutely necessary to use animals to test the safety of products? Animal testing can be referred to in a number of ways including animal research and animal experimentation, all of which involve experiments performed on animals to test the safety and effectiveness of things ranging anywhere from cosmetics to medication for humans. Products that commonly use animal testing include drugs, supplements, pesticides, cosmetics, food additives, household products and industrial chemicals. This debate affects many people both directly and indirectly because new medications and products must first pass tests in animals before they can be approved for human use. Although many people argue that these new products should first be tested in animals before ever being administered to a human, I believe that the use of animals to test these products is not necessary and there are many new alternative methods that can be used to determine the success of these products in humans. There are many reasons supporting a move away from the use of animals in research experiments. As early as 500 BC, famous scientists used animals in experiments in order to better understand how living organisms? function. However, with great advances in science andShow MoreRelatedShould Animal Testing Be Banned?844 Words à |à 3 PagesShould animal testing be banned? Nowadays, a lot of animals has been tested on a range of experiments over the world. You could be supporting animal teasing cruelty without knowing it. Have you ever check if thereââ¬â¢s animal testing on the cosmetics before you buy it? Today, a lot of cosmetics has been testing on helpless animals and there are about 1.4 million animals die each year from animal testing ( CatalanoJ, 1994). Most of the experiments that are completed in the laboratories are very cruelRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned880 Words à |à 4 Pagesdepending on animals testing. Therefore, if people talk about laboratories, they should remember animal experiments. Those animals have the right to live, according to people who dislike the idea of doing testing on animals; the other opinion, supports the idea of animal testing as the important part of the source of what has reached medicine of the results and solutions for diseases prevalent in every time and place. Each year huge numbers of animals a re sacrificed for the science all these animals, whetherRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned776 Words à |à 4 PagesAnimal Testing Should be Banned à ¨Over 100 million animals are burned, crippled, poisioned and abused in US labs every yearà ¨ (à ¨11 Facts About Animal Testingà ¨). Imagine if that was someones animal getting tortured in labs just to test things such as beauty products and perfume. Animal testing was first suggested when, à ¨Charles Darwin evolutionary theory in the mid 1850s also served to suggest that animals could serve as effective models to facilitate biological understanding in humansà ¨ (Murnaghan)Read MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned940 Words à |à 4 Pages1). Over 100 million animals are burned, crippled, poisoned, and abused in US labs every year. 2). 92% of experimental drugs that are safe and effective in animals fail in human clinical trials. (DoSomething ââ¬Å"11 Facts About Animal Testingâ⬠). There are currently no laws combating the testing of cosmetics on animals, but the practice is harmful and must be ended. As evidenced by the statistics above, millions of animals are tortured and murdered in the United States every year for virtually no reasonRead MoreShould Animal Testing Be Banned?1665 Words à |à 7 PagesTesting Cosmetics on Animals Companies around the world use animals to test cosmetics. Animals, such as rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, rats, and mice, are used to test the effects of chemicals on the eyes and skin. While animal testing is not mandatory, many companies use it. About Cosmetics Animal Testing by the Humane Society International talks about the different options companies have that do not require the cruel use and eventual death of animals. The article also talks about the overallRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1572 Words à |à 7 PagesAnimal Testing Every year, over two hundred million innocent animals are injured or killed in scientific experiments across the world. Of those animals, between seventeen and twenty million are used in the United States alone. It is said that an animal dies in a laboratory every three seconds (Animal Testing 101). Those in favor of animal experimentation say they are taking animalsââ¬â¢ lives to save humans. It is not necessary to subject animals to torturous conditions or painful experiments in theRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1581 Words à |à 7 PagesAnimal testing is being used by different organizations all over the world to prevent specific diseases, especially cancer. Americans see animal testing having a harmful effect but it is one of the main reasons why society has most cures for some illnesses. This topic is important because people need to know what goes on during animal testing and why it is very beneficial. Animal testing needs to be used to find all cures. Some ani mals such as chimps/ monkeys have 90% of the same DNA humans haveRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1721 Words à |à 7 Pages â⬠Today, more animals are being used in experiments than ever before: around 100 million in the United States aloneâ⬠(3). Animal testing is now an international issue, and it is becoming a major story. Currently, animals are often used in medical testing, make-up testing, and other consumer product testing. Animals used in such product testing are often abused and suffer from serious side-effects. Animal testing can be painful for the animals, testing results are usually not even useable forRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned1364 Words à |à 6 Pagesbenefit. Using animals for these experimentations usually does not come to mind. Animals are often abused, suffer, and even die during laboratory testing for the benefits of people to make sure medications, household products, newest procedures, and cosmetics are safe and effective for human use. Humans have benefited from animal testing for years while these animals suffer consequences with no positive outcomes for themselves. Even if a product or procedure is deemed successful, these animals are frequentlyRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned Essay1632 Words à |à 7 Pages Animal Testing Should Be Banned Throughout the decades, animals have been used in medical research to test the safety of cosmetics including makeup, hair products, soaps, perfume, and countless of other products. Animals have also been used to test antibiotics and other medicines to eliminate any potential risks that they could cause to humans. The number of animals worldwide that are used in laboratory experiments yearly exceeds 115 million animals. Unfortunately, only a small percentage of Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02943722153467947901noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8028823698895682533.post-53299444492308349492020-05-13T12:25:00.001-07:002020-05-13T12:25:02.996-07:00The Negro Speaks Of Rivers - 1548 Words Langston Hughes was an American poet, novelist, and playwright whose African-American themes names him a primary contributor to the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s. After moving from several cities, Hughes and his mother finally settled in Cleveland, Ohio. During this time, Hughes began to write poetry. One of his teachers introduced him to the poetry of Carl Sandburg and Walt Whitman, both whom Hughes would later cite as primary influences. By the time Hughes was enrolled at Columbia University in New York, he had already launched his literary career with his poem ââ¬Å"The Negro Speaks of Riversâ⬠in the Crisis, edited by W.E.B. DuBois. He also committed himself to writing mainly about African Americans. Leaving Columbia in 1922, Hughes spent the next three years in a succession of menial jobs and traveling abroad. He returned in late 1924, but by then he was well known in African American literary circles as a gifted young poet. Early on he was heavily influenced by the works of Walt Whitman and Carl Sandburg. Black poets Paul Laurence Dunbar, a master of both dialect and standard verse, and Claude McKay, a radical socialist who also wrote accomplished lyric poetry influenced Hughes as well. However, Sandburg, who Hughes later called ââ¬Å"my guiding star,â⬠was decisive in leading him toward free verse- a radically democratic modernist aesthetic. Langston Hughes rose to prominence during the Harlem Renaissance. His first two books, The Weary Blues (1926) and Fine Clothes to theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Negro Speaks Of Rivers796 Words à |à 4 Pagesââ¬Å"The Negro Speaks of Riversâ⬠- Langston Hughes ââ¬Å"The Negro Speaks of Riversâ⬠by Langston Hughes is a 10 line lyric poem in free verse. This poem is compiled of 5 stanzas with various line lengths. ââ¬Å"The Negro Speaks of Riversâ⬠doesnt rhyme, however, the repetition of the word ââ¬Å"riversâ⬠insinuates transition. This essay focuses on the importance of the word ââ¬Å"riversâ⬠throughout the poem because it discusses the origins of humanity and the interplay between racism and equality. Hughes discusses theRead MoreThe Negro Speaks Of Rivers By Langston Hughes1055 Words à |à 5 Pagesthe poem ââ¬Å"The Negro Speaks of Riversâ⬠by Langston Hughes. So first of all PERSON 2 who is Langston Hughes and when did he write ââ¬Å"The Negro Speaks of Riversâ⬠? Langston Hughes was a novelist, fiction, poet, playwright and fiction writer. He is known for his insightful, colorful portrayals of black life in America from the twenties through to the sixties and was important in shaping the artistic contributions of the Harlem Renaissance. Hughes wrote the poem ââ¬Å"The Negro Speaks of Riversâ⬠while on a trainRead MoreAn Analysis of The Negro Speaks of Rivers Essay952 Words à |à 4 Pagespoems, The Negro Speaks of Rivers, was written in 1921, long before Hughes would actually travel the world. However, without knowing the authors background and history, one might think it was written by a wise man of old age. Having only lived in various places in the United States, Hughes wrote this poem of an African American man who has seen the world, full with things many people never get to see, that nourished his soul and formed bonds with humans deepest roots. The four rivers the narratorRead MoreSymbolism in The Negro Speaks of Rivers by Langs ton Hughes1074 Words à |à 5 PagesSymbolism in ââ¬Å"The Negro Speaks of Riversâ⬠by Langston Hughes Symbolism embodies Hughesââ¬â¢ literary poem through his use of the river as a timeless symbol. A river can be portrayed by many as an everlasting symbol of perpetual and continual change and of the constancy of time and of life itself. People have equated rivers to the aspects of life - time, love, death, and every other indescribable quality which evokes human life. This analogy is because a river exemplifies characteristics that can beRead MoreAnalysis of Langston Hughesà ´ The Negro Speaks of Rivers927 Words à |à 4 PagesHughes has tried multiple times to reconnect with his father, but it never succeeded. Although Langston Hughes has a complicated relationship with his father it led him to write one of the most well-known novels that gave him recognition: Negro Speaks of Rivers. Langston Hughes was born February 1st, 1902 in Joplin, Missouri. Hughesââ¬â¢s father, James Nathaniel Hughes, left him and his mother and headed to Mexico. Hughes, his mother unable to provide for him, lived with his grandmother in LawrenceRead More Symbolism and Allusion in Langston Hughes The Negro Speaks of Rivers720 Words à |à 3 PagesSymbolism and Allusion in Langston Hughes The Negro Speaks of Rivers In Langston Hughes poem, The Negro Speaks of Rivers, he examines some of the roles that blacks have played throughout history. Ultimately, the poem asserts that in every one of these aspects the black people have been exploited and made to suffer, mostly at the hands of white people. The poem is written entirely in first person, so there is a very personal tone, even though the speaker symbolizes the entire black race.Read MoreLangston Hughes s Poem, Negro Speaks Of Rivers964 Words à |à 4 PagesIn Langston Hughesââ¬â¢ inspirational poem, ââ¬Å"Negro Speaks of Rivers,â⬠he expresses, ââ¬Å"My soul has grown as deep like the rivers,â⬠(lines 4 and 13), describing how his encounters with racial intolerance have made him stronger as a person in both spiritual and emotional ways; rather than to just step down and submit to the cruelty of racism. The quote could also be interpreted as a sign of perseverance and hope for people who have experienced not only racial injustic e, but other forms of degradation inRead More The Use of Symbols in Langston Hughes The Negro Speaks of Rivers570 Words à |à 3 PagesThe Use of Symbols in Langston Hughes The Negro Speaks of Rivers The poem ?The Negro Speaks of Rivers? by Langston Hughes contains many symbolic meanings about the identity of African Americans. Throughout the poem Hughes uses metaphorical statements to suggest to the reader what the soul of the African American has been through. The symbols of the old rivers from which the African American ideal has risen can be interpreted in many different ways. They represent the birth and growth ofRead More Sound and Sense in Langston Hughes The Negro Speaks of Rivers 1431 Words à |à 6 PagesSound and Sense in Langston Hughes The Negro Speaks of Rivers à The text of the poem can be found at the bottom of this page.à à à à à à à à à In Langston Hughes poem The Negro Speaks of Rivers, Hughes makes use of some interesting poetic techniques. This poem is written in free verse, and seems, at first glance, to be very unstructured. Hughes repeats words and lines, but does not make use of repeated sounds. Hughes rivers are very rich in symbolism, and are not just simple bodies of waterRead MoreAnalysis Of Langston Hughes Poem The Negro Speaks Of Rivers 1242 Words à |à 5 PagesDaniel Lemaire Professor Merton Lee EN-101-12 28 October 2014 Essay 2 While reading Langston Hughesââ¬â¢ poem, ââ¬Å"The Negro Speaks of Riversâ⬠the theme of roots is predominant throughout the reading, this theme raises question to the whole meaning of the poem. Although the word ââ¬Å"rootsâ⬠itself is never in the actual text, it contains strong details of the poem promoting deep imagery and depiction of veins, tributaries, and the roots of the plants and trees. Hughes wanted to give the reader the illusion Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02943722153467947901noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8028823698895682533.post-28011109994946916692020-05-06T13:49:00.001-07:002020-05-06T13:49:09.172-07:00Planning for a Perfect Wedding Free Essays PLANNING FOR A PERFECT WEDDING On every girlââ¬â¢s mind, when planning a wedding, all you really want is the wedding of a lifetime, the one that will be everyoneââ¬â¢s talk in the town for some months. The little details like wedding supplies can make a difference between a great wedding and unforgettable ones. Supplies vary from wedding dresses to wedding labels. We will write a custom essay sample on Planning for a Perfect Wedding or any similar topic only for you Order Now Each of this is selected according to the theme of the day. Some supplies are must have. For the brideââ¬â¢s gown it should be well fitting, flattering to her figure and to her dream design. The right lingerie should be worn so as to be comfortable. The groomââ¬â¢s attire should be well fitting. It should not only give him confidence but also make him feel special and comfortable. The bridesmaid, groomsmen and pageboys should also be dressed according to the theme and the design of the bride and groom. The bouquets should be according to the theme and color of the day. The ladies hairstyles should be exotic and eye catching. Accessories should blend well with the attires they have on and not too much extravagant. The reception and venues should be well decorated according to the theme. The tables should be set, wedding napkins available, name tags available to avoid confusion on who sits where. If it is an evening wedding, the lightning should be perfect; candle holders, candle, chandeliers and floral lights create a more romantic atmosphere. We have different types of cakes. The wedding cake should be a flavor enjoyed by both the bride and the groom. Cake plates should be available for easy serving. Cupcake trees is also a nice idea, this makes sure that the cake is enough for everybody in the congregation. You can have a cake topper of your choice or just ignore it. The venue of the wedding, be it a church, a hall or outside, the place must be decorated. Floral arrangement should be perfect. Wedding centerpieces should be eye catching and breathe taking to attract attention to the theme of the wedding. They can also include a centerpiece vase that can be an artifact stealing more attention to the theme. Remember the aisle runner, it is the first thing everybody sees when they reach the venue. We have so many wedding suppliers. Some provide the whole package and some just some services. Some are quite expensive others are affordable. You need a reliable wedding supplier, not all are. Before choosing on whom to settle on, you need to have decided on the budget. You should settle for what you afford. You have to budget for all necessities like attires, rings, venue fee and transportation. The remainder of the money will decide on the number of people to invite and who the best suppliers are. Talking to someone who has already had a successful wedding is a good way of finding reliable group of people or companies to make your day the best. You should have open line of communication and work together to make your day unique. Remember to sample their products and look at their equipment before settling for any of them. Contracts are also advisable but read them carefully to make sure they are under your terms and conditions. How to cite Planning for a Perfect Wedding, Papers Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02943722153467947901noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8028823698895682533.post-50909924814991153332020-05-04T21:19:00.001-07:002020-05-04T21:19:02.635-07:00Lovers in Messina Essay Example For Students Lovers in Messina Essay Figuratively speaking, there are several ears propped to a door, eavesdropping on a conversation pivotal to Shakespeareââ¬â¢s comedy, Much Ado About Nothing; a story about love; real, new and pretended, that began before the messenger arrives with his news. Two very different couples cling to each other or push one another away during five acts of masked balls, sighing under balconies, hysterics, a make-shift death and resurrection, attempts to compose poetry and finally, a feast. The lovers of Messina: innocent Hero, fiery Beatrice and their gallant knights, weak Claudio and comic Benedict stumble through abundant trickery, taking very different paths to reach the same goal: a happily-ever-after ending. Hero, though one of the main characters of the play is a silent presence for the entire First and Second Acts, given a voice only when others speak about or for her. She is first introduced not by name, but as ââ¬Å"the daughter of Signior Leonatoâ⬠, described by Claudio as a ââ¬Å"modest young ladyâ⬠and ââ¬Å"the sweetest lady I ever laid mine eyes uponâ⬠. Hero is described by everyone as beautiful, kind and gentle. Always she was the dutiful daughter. When her father, Leonato, instructs Hero that she must consent to a wedding proposal by Don Pedro, a man she barely knows, she happily agrees. Leonato says, ââ¬Å"Daughter remember that I told you. If the prince do solicit you in that kind, you know the answer.â⬠In truth, Hero and her father realize later, she had not conceded to marrying Don Pedro, but Claudio. Her willingness to transport her hand from one man to another shows that it is not in her own interests that she acts, shows that her happiness is not as important as her fatherââ¬â¢s will. Claudio can declare victory, the wedding is confirmed, Hero is to be married and still she says nothing; content to be spoken for by Beatrice. ââ¬Å"Speak cousin, or, if you cannot, stop his mouth with a kiss and let him not speak eith er.â⬠says Beatrice. Hero is the victim in this play, the loser in a situation she was not a part of, the target of anger directed at her father and fianc. Don John, the only clear villain in the play, sought to upset Leonato and cheapen Claudioââ¬â¢s prize. Hero was the most virtuous amongst the characters but is horribly slandered of being promiscuous on her own wedding in front of everyone she knew. The man that was to be her husband shouted accusations to which she could not defend herself because she was a woman and always suspected of being false. Yet, despite the horror of this wedding ceremony and worse, being scorned by her father whom she had always sought to please, because of those empty words, when told by her father to do so, she happily married her cruel accuser. The exact opposite of Hero in every way is Beatrice, her rambunctious cousin. Beatrice lives in Leonatoââ¬â¢s house and shares a room with Hero. While her cousin is the image of an innocent maiden, Beatrice has many of the characteristics of men and qualities that most other women did not have. While Hero was quiet for most of the play, Beatrice dominates most conversations. She appears to be a strong woman and is radically independent, swearing she will never get married in a time when marriage was the most important and consequential aspect of a womanââ¬â¢s life. ââ¬Å"Well niece,â⬠said Leonatoââ¬â¢s brother. ââ¬Å"I hope to see you one day fitted with a husband.â⬠To which she replied, ââ¬Å"Not till God make men of some other metal than Earth.â⬠These two very different cousins are very close and more like sisters. Beatrice describes Hero, much like a everyone else does, as a quiet, sweet girl. She appears to be the older cousin and certainly the wises t. Beatrice is very protective of her cousin. After Heroââ¬â¢s abortive when she was declared a ââ¬Å"rotten orangeâ⬠by the misguided Claudio, Beatrice remained true to her cousin, unlike her rash uncle. Beatrice declared in certainty that her cousin had been wronged. Claudio is the gallant soldier just arrived from the wars in which he had distinguished himself. He can be considered both one of the heroes and villains of the play. He is a hero as Shakespeare deemed him worthy of a happy ending but also a villain for his treatment of Hero. It was proven very easy to trick Claudio as he accepted first Don Johns insinuation that Don Pedro woos Hero for himself. Claudio condemns not the Princes alleged deception but the feminine wiles he believes to have inspired it. He says, ââ¬Å"Let every eye negotiate for itself and trust no agent, for beauty is a witch against whose charms faith melteth into blood.â⬠Claudio is tricked yet again by Don John into believing the figur e that he saw in Heroââ¬â¢s window to be his modest bride and allowed no other interpretation. However, had the circumstances been different and his young fianc not be falsely accused, denouncing her and so thoroughly insulting her on her wedding day was dishonorable. Claudio has a very weak character. Despite her being, or perhaps because she was, so much more outspoken than most other women Bene*censored* fell in love with Beatrice long before Hero and Claudio ever met. It is out of the unfortunate coupleââ¬â¢s dead love and disastrous wedding that Beatrice and Bene*censored* discover their love. She used her newfound love with Bene*censored* to her advantage, demanding that he kill Claudio. Bene*censored* and Claudio along with Don Pedro are very good friends. It is in Bene*censored* that Claudio first confides his love for Hero. As for the relationships of these four characters, they are very different as well. From the beginning it seems that quiet Hero, the ideal young l ady and strong, honorable Claudio are to fall in love and get married. On the other hand, Beatrice and Bene*censored* appear to have a never-ending conflict that hints at a previous relationship; one that somehow ended in anger. Beatrice says, ââ¬Å"Indeed, my Lord, he lent it me awhile, and I gave him use for it, a double heart for his single one. Marry, once before he won it of me with false dice. Therefore your grace may well say I have lost it.â⬠Bene*censored* and Beatrice quarrel in a skirmish of wits which is merely a facade of their underlying attraction to each other, and an ongoing struggle of recognizing their love. Bene*censored* actually does admit that he is attracted to Beatrice. ââ¬Å"Thereââ¬â¢s her cousin, an she were not possessed with a fury, exceeds her as much in beauty as the first of May does the last of December.â⬠Beatrice is a strong woman firm in her ideas of not succumbing to a man, therefore becoming his wife. ââ¬Å"I had rather hear my d og bark at a crow than a man swear he loves me,â⬠says she to Bene*censored*. Bene*censored* is as firm in his belief of not marrying a woman. He claimed that he will never trust a woman and that if he does get married, ââ¬Å"â⬠¦hang me in a bottle like a cat and shoot at me.â⬠While Beatrice and Bene*censored* banter, Claudio and his prize seem to be very much in love. But the circumstances that lead to a marriage between Hero and Claudio make it impossible that there is real love between them. In the play, the only conversation Claudio and Hero have is at their wedding when he denounced her and made public her accusation of promiscuity. Claudioââ¬â¢s attraction to Hero is strictly superficial; Claudio knows nothing of Hero other than her reputation for being modest and what his eyes can see of her beauty. It is also possible that Claudio was attracted by her dowry. He asked Don Pedro, ââ¬Å"Hath Leonato any son, my lord?â⬠Don Pedro replies that Hero is â⠬Å"his only heir.â⬠An interpretation of this might be that Claudios attraction to Hero was rooted in a more tangible things than Heroââ¬â¢s virtue. .u34e68cf797093a651e69a89dfa10f6b0 , .u34e68cf797093a651e69a89dfa10f6b0 .postImageUrl , .u34e68cf797093a651e69a89dfa10f6b0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u34e68cf797093a651e69a89dfa10f6b0 , .u34e68cf797093a651e69a89dfa10f6b0:hover , .u34e68cf797093a651e69a89dfa10f6b0:visited , .u34e68cf797093a651e69a89dfa10f6b0:active { border:0!important; } .u34e68cf797093a651e69a89dfa10f6b0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u34e68cf797093a651e69a89dfa10f6b0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u34e68cf797093a651e69a89dfa10f6b0:active , .u34e68cf797093a651e69a89dfa10f6b0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u34e68cf797093a651e69a89dfa10f6b0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u34e68cf797093a651e69a89dfa10f6b0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u34e68cf797093a651e69a89dfa10f6b0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u34e68cf797093a651e69a89dfa10f6b0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u34e68cf797093a651e69a89dfa10f6b0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u34e68cf797093a651e69a89dfa10f6b0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u34e68cf797093a651e69a89dfa10f6b0 .u34e68cf797093a651e69a89dfa10f6b0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u34e68cf797093a651e69a89dfa10f6b0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: SportsFans EssayAs gentle Hero conquers the romantic heart of young Claudio, Beatrice and Bene*censored*, seem destined to be enemies. Through trickery and eavesdropping, the two male protagonists exchange personalities with respect to our heroines, Hero and Beatrice. While Bene*censored* loves Beatrice, writes poetry for her and attempts to woo her, Claudio scorns Hero though with real anger and not the mock anger shared by Beatrice and Bene*censored*. The two female protagonists do not exchange personalities but rather situations; Beatrice no had a new love and the prospect of marriage, while it no longer seemed that Hero would ever be married. We can imagine the lives o f the lovers of Messina as they were before the play began and we can infer how they will be when the last curtain closes; it could be a happy scene. Claudio has wronged Hero, killed her; out of her death and rebirth there might be a new love. Beatrice and Bene*censored* may very well talk themselves mad but they do share a real love, one that arose from the ashes of a pretended love. Bibliography: Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02943722153467947901noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8028823698895682533.post-2907999349574434742020-03-30T10:47:00.001-07:002020-03-30T10:47:01.989-07:00Mata Hari free essay sample Mata Hari When espionage and sexual appeal intermix, Mata Hari comes to mind. Mata Hari was born Margaretha Geertruida was a Dutch exotic dancer and a double spy during World War l. She was ultimately executed in France under charges of espionage for Germany. History The earlier life of Mata Hari reflects on her transformation into a provocative spy. At an early age she began gaining fame as an exotic dancer in Paris of which she resided. She was considered a contemporary dancer in the early modern dance ovement, where she was viewed as an artistic inspiration. Her success as a dancer was aided by her promiscuous ways of flaunting her sexuality. She also became a mistress of a millionaire and was involved with some politicians and military officers. She performed throughout Europe, however, she was severely criticized by many due to her provocative ways. She ultimately became a courtesan to many high ranking military officials as her career began to decline. We will write a custom essay sample on Mata Hari or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Her Dutch origins allowed Mata to cross national borders freely. She traveled between Spain and Britain to avoid battles during WWI, yet eventually led to suspicions of her espionage work. On February 13, 1917 Mata Hari was arrested in her room at the Hotel Plaza Athenee in Paris. She was put on trial and was accused of espionage on behalf of Germany. Her role as a double agent has been believed to have caused at least 50,000 soldiers to die. Court as found her guilty as she was executed by firing squad on October 15, 1917 at the age of 41 . Conclusion The case of Mata Hari remains vague as it has derived various different stories due to a lack of actual evidence. There has been conspiracies and stories that Mata Hari was simply a scapegoat by French counterespionage. Some researchers believe she was never a double spy rather a victim of manipulative setups of which the man who recruited her was the actual spy who used her as a cover. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02943722153467947901noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8028823698895682533.post-61594931469099870142020-03-07T12:49:00.001-08:002020-03-07T12:49:02.476-08:00Nguyen Silk Flower Ltd is (NSF) The WritePass JournalNguyen Silk Flower Ltd is (NSF) 1. INTRODUCTION Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02943722153467947901noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8028823698895682533.post-55539061497431192192020-02-20T04:15:00.001-08:002020-02-20T04:15:03.091-08:00BUSINESS MODELS AND PLANNING Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1BUSINESS MODELS AND PLANNING - Assignment Example According to wired magazine, craigslist is the currently ââ¬Å"most popular dating siteâ⬠, job searching site, apartment hunting site and selling site despite its weird business model. Craigslist does not entertain innovation, and has very few workers. However, craigslist has remained a performer in the market due to. Reaching customers: this refers to the process of using communication channels to reach the customers of a product with an aim of generating a market. Entry into a new market is very easy. This happens through the companyââ¬â¢s ability to draw a chain of people. When the network enters into a given region and obtains a few clients, other people soon find it necessary. Product differentiation: this is the process of developing unique strategies for product positioning that spotlight the productââ¬â¢s true value in the market. A company needs a clear understanding of its competitors and should clearly differentiate its product from those of the competitors. Craigslist is clearly known for its dating services, job hunting among others and therefore attract so many people in those areas. Pricing: this is the determination of the amount of money that a company will charge for its product or service. This starts by an evaluation of the value customer attach on a product, consideration of production cost, consideration of competition landscape and finally determination of price. This has been the strongest point of craigslist model i.e. offering very low prices that attract and keep the customers (Osterwalder 270). Selling: this involves the actual persuading and convincing a customer to buy a product. This calls for a precise understanding of what is required to close a business deal, and subsequent organization of a sales force. Craigslist does not stock items that it deals with but rather performs the deals as an intermediary. Delivery /distribution: this is the process of transporting goods from the business premises to the Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02943722153467947901noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8028823698895682533.post-58692215854913948562020-02-04T16:26:00.001-08:002020-02-04T16:26:02.782-08:00Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4Art - Essay Example because art involves designing and using creativity in making objects that triggers memories, educate, communicate, and trigger emotions (Harrison 11). In fact, it can be argued that art involves several human activities. It is not a must for art, to have specific qualities for it to qualify to be art. However, certain things like color, texture are considered to differentiate between good and bad art. What I value or look for in art is beauty, uniqueness, and inherent meaning. Beauty in art captivates people. When art is created to convey certain meaning such as political and emotional trigger, I consider that to be an ideal art. I expect art to act as a communication tool to different groups of people. For example, a toy created for children should act as an educative element to children. Cartoon drawings should act as warning, informative, and above all bring about joy in peopleââ¬â¢s lives. Art should be used to represent beliefs and norms of cultures, whereby cultures would be represented in artistic Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02943722153467947901noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8028823698895682533.post-85315662982076331942020-01-27T12:49:00.001-08:002020-01-27T12:49:02.971-08:00Can War Be Abolished? Theories and Causes of WarCan War Be Abolished? Theories and Causes of War CAN WAR BE ABOLISHED Introduction à According to the Clausewitz War is a mere continuation of the policy. So the question arises can the policy be abolished? Or is war inevitable? and we may find no simple answer to these questions. War is defined as a violent action in which one side i.e. State ââ¬ËAââ¬â¢ endeavours to impose its will on the other side i.e. State ââ¬ËBââ¬â¢ through the use of force. In modern times non state actors and terrorists are also seen inviting the wrath of a state or certain states coalition. There is no single agreed upon definition of war and no two wars are ever quite similar in opposing forces, objectives and gains. Before we dwell any further in an attempt to answer the aforesaid question it is deemed pertinent to analyse the theory of war and its root causes. Only then we shall be able to seek the true answer to our question whether the war can be abolished and if so under what conditions and circumstances. Theories of War War is a complex societal phenomena rather than unchangeable human nature. History of war is as old as the recorded history of mankind on this planet, but according to war analysts this does not make it law of nature. According to Clausewitz concept of Trinity, military component of nation is a non-rational actor and subjected to political leadership in whose domain lies the rational decision making process. After the introduction of Nuclear Weapons in WW II concept of warfare has been drastically altered. The enormous destructive power of this type of weapon, which can wipe out the human race from this planet, has set such a strong deterrence that many wars have been averted particularly among the nuclear weapon states. In Bernard Brodieââ¬â¢s words ââ¬Å"from now on the chief purpose of army is not to fight wars but to avert themâ⬠. There are typically two broad theories categorised by the analysts to describe the phenomenon of war. a.à Normative Theory. It seeks to find out what the things ought to be. The ethics and morals and what is right and what is wrong. Is war justified and if so under what conditions wars can be fought. b.à Empirical Theory.à This theory deals with the historical evidence of the evolution of warfare. Circumstances leading to the on set of war, various techniques employed during the conduct of war and the reasons for the victory or defeat. Reasons for War There are number of different reasons for which wars are fought amongst the states. Kenneth N Waltz describes that in the domain of international relations the identification of level of analysis i.e. ââ¬Å"individual, state or international systemâ⬠is important. Apropos in this discourse state level shall be focused as the primary level of analysis to identify the reasons of war. Some of them are briefly described in succeeding paragraphs. a.à Territorial/Border Disputes. Most wars are fought between the two states due to territorial or border disputes. Soon after the rapid decolonization process which began in first half of 20th century, the nations were found contended with or settling down their geographical borders with their neighbours. Empirical evidence shows where this element is found missing the states tend to go to war to settle their disputes, which they are unable to resolve through other means particularly the negotiations. b.à Hegemonic Ambition.The great powers in pursuit of dominance on ground and at seas waged wars through out 19th and 20th century. However, in current times this aspect is diminishing due to economic concerns and effects of global trade and commerce. c.à Internal Balance. Some times the wars are fought due to internal political disturbance where elite or ruling party in order to preserve its power or hold over the state initiates violent use of force. This type of war is often characterised by onslaught of psychological warfare directed at enemy and home front. This type is very common in the modern times. d.à Leadership Aspects.The democratic form of governing a state is gaining popularity and autocracy is giving away. The wars fought in the past were particularly characterized by the desires and lust of power by the kings and princes. Many wars were fought due to personal orientation of the tyrannical leadership. However, democracies have been found of avoiding wars primarily due to economic concerns and well being of their people. e.à Weak State vs Strong State.Since the distribution of natural resources amongst various nation-states is not equal hence some times wars are fought by strong states against weaker states to gain access to their resources. Another dimension is a weak state waging war against a parity or strong state in the realm to settle the old scores. Most of these wars have been characterized by the precondition of ââ¬Ëopportunity rather than necessityââ¬â¢ arising out of an internal disturbance/weak situation in other country. How War Can be Abolished Throughout centuries mankind has passed through a process of evolution so is the history of warfare. Through the course of history technology has also played its part in the evolution of warfare. After years of quest man was able to invent a weapon considered enough to destroy all the inventions; Nuclear weapons have since then altered the strategy of war particularly among nuclear states or their respective alliances. Deterrence concept had never been so well established as particularly during the cold war period, which averted successfully any war between USSR and USA and/or other NATO countries in Europe. This concept of deterrence has also worked well in establishing strategic stability in South Asia and has averted major wars between India vs Pakistan or India vs China; whose source of animosity particularly lies in border disputes and resolution of Kashmir issue. Apart from nuclear deterrence there could be other multifaceted aspects which can help to abolish war. Some of these aspects are briefly discussed in succeeding paragraphs. a.à Political System.People are generally peace loving and require welfare and freedom to go about their daily life as per their desires and socio-religious practices. A democratic form of government, which is by the people, of the people, and for the people greatly manifests the true aspirations of the masses. Apropos in last century the phenomena of decolonization and rise of democratic form of governments gained popularity. Empirical evidence exists that democracies donââ¬â¢t like to fight wars and tend to settle inter state disputes through talks. The political and diplomatic have thus proved effective in averting the impending wars. b.à Economic Interdependence.A major effect that globalization has ensued is economic interdependence. Natural and other resources are not equally spread thought the world. The general global peace after World War II has seen increased economic interdependence amongst the states. Thus mutual dependency is also being viewed as a reason for avoiding war amongst states. Europe has seen war for hundreds of years but European Union is a success story. The EU members states are required to fulfill two preconditions to become eligible, one to have democratic form of government and second to have no border disputes with their neighbouring states. c.à Economic Strength.Countries with strong economic power are able to exert their influence on other economically weak states to do their will, without going to war with that state. Countries like USA, China, Japan, Germany and Switzerland exercise their influence in respective areas of interest due their strong economies. d.à Strong Defence.Strong defence of a nation is manifested though itââ¬â¢s military power. It guarantees its sovereignty and keeps impending threats at bay and enemies under check. e.à Strong Alliance.Alliance of a group of states particularly with a super power has become a source of strength. It has minimized the chances of wars of opportunity against weaker states that have joined strong alliances e.g. NATO. f.à Role of MNCââ¬â¢s.Due to financial implications the Multinational Corporations (MNCââ¬â¢s) which are spread throughout the world irrespective of political boundaries exert their influence on states as war is detrimental to their business interests. Conclusion Abolishing the war is both desirable and possible despite human limitations. The cumulative effect of political, military and economic strength coupled with higher literacy rate, acquisition of advanced technologies and employment opportunities for the youth can act as strength of national power. Socio cultural affinity and religious freedom of the masses living in an allegiance within the political boundaries and respecting the same for those living across the borders makes a state stable and less prone to war. Apropos it can be concluded that principles of social justice and mutual coexistence are the hallmarks for attaining global peace. References: Kenneth waltz The Causes of War Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02943722153467947901noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8028823698895682533.post-19417081037023720572020-01-19T09:12:00.001-08:002020-01-19T09:12:02.724-08:00A case study of Amazon on its supply chain management EssayINTRODUCTION Every company has their own supply chain in order to sort or produce goods. However, the company needs to manage supply chain to maximize its highest benefits. By having effective supply chain management, the company can ensure that the right product or service will be available at the time to the right place and at the right price (Kamal 2007). Amazon is one of the companies that have best supply chain practices in order to respond high level of responsiveness for the customers. Thereby, this paper explains about Amazon Company, analysis of Amazonââ¬â¢s supply chain, recommendations and barriers to implement will be discussed. Company background Amazon is an American commerce company based in Seattle, Washington, USA. The company used to be only a bookstore, but now it diversified into difference type of products. The goal of Amazon is to provide one stop shop experience where the customer can find everything on Amazon as earthââ¬â¢s biggest selection (Warman 2012). Amazon operates as a pure internet retailers that does not have retail store at all while the delivery will be done through Amazonââ¬â¢s networks of distribution centres. This operation makes the company is able to provide wider range of goods and lower cost of products with high quality. Moreover, it is also increase customer satisfaction as it supports customer convenience. An effective supply chain strategy makes the company is able to respond high level of responsiveness. Amazon balances between cost of distributions and level of services by having the efficient distribution centres and multi-tier inventory networks. However, there is a competition from substitution brands that provided the same service as Amazon, which are eBay and Walmart. Currently, eà ¸ ºBay is pushing shipping fee to the seller in order to reduce cost for the buyers while Walmart introduced free shipping to the customers but buyers have to pick up the item at the store (Amazon strategies 2010). ANALYSIS OF AMAZON SUPPLY CHAIN Most of the companies need successful supply chain management to create sustainable competitive advantages. There are various benefits from having an effective supply chain management such as inventory reduction, delivery service improvement and shorter product life cycles (Fawcett et al 2008). This part provides the scenario of Amazonââ¬â¢s supply chain strategy, how Amazon manages in wider context, factors influencing its supply chain, and strategic and operational implications will be evaluated. Supply chain strategy of Amazon Strategic fits According to Chopra and Meindl (2007), supply chain strategy and competitive strategy should have aligned goals. Amazon has identified their customers as highly responsiveness. In order to respond with high uncertainty demand and availability of products, the four main components drive the outcome of Amazon are having several distribution centres as a storage facilities, multi-tier inventory management, highly efficiency transportation and implement information systems to provide real time information within its supply chain. All of these factors explain how both strategies of Amazon are fit together and that makes Amazonââ¬â¢s supply chain successful. Inventory outsourcing The advantage of outsourcing is to help the company to focus on its core activities and cost savings (Bucki N.D.). Amazon is one of the companies that need to gain those benefits from inventory outsourcing. However, there is another side of outsourcing deals as well. Chandra (2008) argued that the company should not outsource even it was not their core activities when the demand level is increasing. The company is able to optimize the service if the stock is owned and managed efficiently. So Amazon decided to outsource only some part of its inventory in order to mitigate risks and optimize services. The products that are frequently purchased or popular were keeping and managing in-house while other products are stocked by distributors. The products will be shipped after Amazon has requested. The company acted as a trans-shipment centre (ICMR India 2003). It was a right decision for Amazon and the company is able to reduce the cost of holding large amount ofà inventory while the cus tomer service is better as it shipped faster. Managing the supply chain with its wider context and organization context Price differentiated customers Dispatch and delivery options were used to divide customers into each category based on responsiveness because difference customers need difference service levels and difference prices. Amazon has provided many types of deliveries in difference costs such as free super saver delivery, one-day delivery, First-class delivery and etc (Amazon 2013). Each type of delivery reflects how fast the delivery is. It means if the customer needs very high responsiveness, get the products by tomorrow, the buyers are willing to pay more. So Amazon divided customer segments to match with its distribution systems and inventory strategy in order to control cost and service level. The company also received increased flexibility (Duran et al 2006). Moreover, there is a membership programme called Amazon prime. It provides unlimited one-day delivery for one year and it costs 49GBP. Once the buyers are member of prime, buyers will get discount if the buyers want to get express or evening delivery. The memb ers will also able to borrow kindle books for free (Amazon prime 2013). Push-pull strategy Amazon has started with pull systems. There is no inventory, no warehouse and no overhead. The company acts as a middleman who taking the orders and it will be filled by Ingram book group (Simchi-levi et al 2007). When the time has passed, the growth of the company has forced Amazon to hold some inventory in order to respond customer needs by having several distribution centres. So the strategy has changed to push-pull. The inventory is hold using a push strategy while orders are shipped using a pull strategy. The decoupling point of Amazon is distribution centres. However, some of slow items are still used pure pull strategy as there is no inventory. By having several distribution centres, the holding cost for Amazon is increased as well. Inventory segmentation The inventory network of Amazon is multi-tier inventory management. This will help the company plans and offers real time optimization service thatà allows Amazon to have minimal amount of inventory needs to achieve its service level (One network N.D.). By having this network, Amazon is able to offer nearly unlimited selection. Nonetheless, the problem is each tier treats separately while not concerns about inventory of another echelon. Then bullwhip effect occurs which is inventory holding higher in each tier because there is no sharing information across the tier (Lee 2003). Amazonââ¬â¢s multi-tier inventory is composed of three tiers. The first tier is Amazon distribution centre. The inventory will be aggregated in distribution centres, which enables the company to hold fewer inventories. The second tier is wholesaler and partner DCs. If the products are not available from Amazonââ¬â¢s DC, the company will use IT systems to search for this product in partner inventories in order to assign which party will be responsible for this order. By doing this, the customer service will be high as there is no stock out experiences. Lastly, publishers, manufacturers, vendors and third-party sellers are included in third tiers. All these parties help the company to fulfill unlimited selection of goods offer in Amazon (Chiles and Dau 2005). Factors influencing Amazonââ¬â¢s supply chain configuration now and future Transportation Amazon provided many choices of delivery to balance cost of transportation and level of service. The company does not have large scale to contact full truckload. So the company provides free shipping in order to achieve longer lead-time of transportation. This will help company able to reduce cost and achieve economy of scale (Robinson 2010). However, the company is provided highly responsiveness options as well, which is cost company a lot. Even though the customers are willing to pay higher price to get the products faster, it should not cost anything from Amazon but it is not like that. Amazon cannot utilize its highest benefits of its transportation systems. That is why the company needs to design its supply chain networks to minimize the costs. Order sourcing The challenge of Amazon is to make decision which internal warehouse orà external partnership should be the one who responsible for this customer order. Once the order has been places via website, customer is expected to get products on time. Finding the lowest solution in short period of time is the hardest things when there are many items located in difference places and it needs to deliver in single delivery. So, the company decided to implement technology such as warehouse management systems to get real time and single view of inventory for effective sourcing (RedPrairie N.D.). Evaluate strategic and operational implications Supply chain network Amazon operates eight distribution centres within United Kingdom (UK), which are Rugeley, Hemel Hempstead, Marston gate, Doncaster, Petreborough, Dunfermline, Gourock and Swansea. Locations are selected base on distance to markets, Close to transportation mode such as Motorway and main rail link, Airport and river (Amazon Location 2013). According to Melendez (2013), several DC would help the company provides quicker deliver, lower transportation costs and easy access. Furthermore, sometimes transportation hubs, also known as injection points, were used to reduce the cost of transportation in high customer demand areas. The products will be shipped from DC to transportation hubs with full truckload. Then the inbound trucks will be unloaded the packages and load into outbound trucks which runs by a smaller carrier partners such as UPS, DPD and Hermes (Amazon Carriers 2013; Chiles and Dau 2005). Moreover, Amazon adopted drop shipment approach. The order will be picked, packed in Amazon package and delivered by supply chain partners, which are manufacturer, wholesaler and third parties. By doing this, the company is able to survive from its huge losses but it caused negative effects as well. It is about 33 percent of Amazonââ¬â¢s single orders are multiple products. Nonetheless, it needs to pool specific goods from difference location and ships the collective goods as one delivery, which takes time and causes a delay that leads to customer dissatisfied. (Pilai and Dutta 2004) Transportation The most difficult factor of transportation is to gain efficiency due to large numbers of small order from customers, so the company cannot gain advantage of the scale at all. Amazon used transportation hub to reduce the cost of transportation. The hub is acted as a cross docking to transfer goods to last-mile delivery. Amazon will aggregate the demand and ship it to transit hub together in order to achieve less than truckload or full truckload. Nevertheless, it needs to accumulate in term of region zone. So it takes longer time to complete this strategy. Hence, the company has introduced difference delivery option such as free super saver delivery in order to get longer lead times/ available to promise day. By doing this, Amazon is able to achieve economy of scale which is lower its cost and the customer satisfaction stays on acceptable level. However, sometimes goods are not available to the customer on time because the time spent on accumulate took longer than it should be and whe n the demand is high (Amazon 2013; Chiles and Dau 2005; Robinson 2010; Barzeski 2009). Technology As Amazon does not have a storefront, so it needs to provide the perfect visual store experience to compensate the touch of products. The company utilizes from its own technology innovations to differentiate itself from other e-commerce. The innovation includes A9 and one click ordering. The former aspect is a subsidiary company, which provides product search engines and search inside the books whereas the latter aspect is used to speed up ordering process, and introduce product recommendations, which determine customer interest from previous purchases (A9 2013; Curtis 2013). Amazon also needs an innovation to support back-end supply chain integration and execution. The company have advance warehouse management systems to support order sourcing, labour management, load balancing, process alternative and supplier collaboration. All these factors make an efficient process to support multi-tier inventory of Amazon (Chiles and Dau 2005). Besides, Amazon has been critiqued about unbearable working conditions, mandatory overtime and using human as a robot which is pushing workers to physical limit. Employees within its DC walked more than 15 miles a day to look for products and every move has checked by computers. Therefore, the company decided to use Kiva robot to deliver shelves stocked withà merchandise to DC workers instead of workers to walk around and find products. There are 1,400 kiva robots in three DC. By having these robots, Amazon can improve productivity and reduce cost up to 50 percent annually in area of warehouse efficiencies (Soper 2011; Kais er 2013). Nevertheless, this robot costs Amazon large amount of money. It is more cost effective if Amazon just hires human workers. Is it worthwhile to invest for? Wagstaff (2012) argued that the benefit of this investment for Amazon is outweighed. The company will have better publicity, improve reputation about ethical and avoid lawsuits. In addition, Amazon also launched prime air, also known as drones, which is able to delivery goods to customers within 30 minutes after buyers place the orders. The process of prime air starts from packages pass on a conveyor belt and drone will lift it off with the package and go straight to customerââ¬â¢s address. However, this innovation has not allowed to use nowadays. The fastest possible will be around 2015 (BBC 2013). RECOMMENDATIONS The problem is Amazon depends on courier such as UPS and FedEx too much in order to reduce the cost of transportation and make it efficient. Recently, this courier causes negative reputation for Amazon that cannot deliver the products on time when the demand is high and the customer satisfaction is decreased (Jayakumar 2013). Hence, the company should run its transportation with their private fleet in last-mile delivery because responsiveness is a crucial factor for Amazon. According to Hirsch (2010), the benefits from using private fleet is not only better customer service and greater visibility but also hold 100 % control of driver for safety, enhance branding and no driver shortage during high season/demand. Besides, private fleet will become a true competitive differentiate point as it is a connection point to customers (Schulz 2010). Furthermore, bullwhip effect is another issues. This issue happened because there is lacking of integration along the supply chain. The current stage of Amazon and its supply chain partner is cooperation. So the company shouldà raise the relationship to be coordination with its suppliers or become the best scenario which is collaboration. Besides, all companies along supply chain should share their information and communication in order to reduce barriers, reduce excess inventory and enhance business synergy (Cao and Zhang 2010). BARRIERS TO IMPLEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS As the writerââ¬â¢s recommendations, the obstacle to implement this suggestion are fluctuate demand and highly investment. Because of demand uncertainty, the company cannot know for sure what exactly amount of goods must be deliver for this area in this month. So the private fleet might not worth the cost of investment. Moreover, there is highly investment on private fleet. The cost of truck is expensive but it can be lease instead of buy to reduce the cost of maintenance as well. The cost of workers and training are another factors. The company needs to train driver to drive with manner. Lastly, the company needs to check on mile-drive and fuel every day in order to prevent fraud which takes time a lot. When the problem happened, the driver might have an excuse not to responsible for the problem. So many companies have decided to install GPS to track each driver but it costs large amount of money as well (Lynch 2007; Liccardi 2013). CONCLUSION Supply chain management plays a crucial role on Amazonââ¬â¢s successful. The companyââ¬â¢s primary goal is to offer one stop service that customers can find everything on Amazonââ¬â¢s website and it will deliver it to buyer place within a promise time. In order to do this, the company needs to have cooperated with partner to do multi-tier inventory systems to provide nearly unlimited goods. Moreover, it needs an effective distribution networks to deliver merchandise to the customer on time. All of these are reflect the main strategy of Amazon to provide high responsiveness to the customers. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02943722153467947901noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8028823698895682533.post-18343267002240336332020-01-11T05:35:00.001-08:002020-01-11T05:35:06.891-08:00Customer Complaint BehaviorConsumersââ¬â¢ complaint behaviour. Taxonomy, typology and determinants: Towards a uni? ed ontology Received (in revised form): 16th August, 2003 Dominique Crie ? is Professor of marketing at the University of Sciences and Technologies of Lille, in the Business Administration Department (IAE). He manages the postgraduate degree course: statistical specialisation for marketing databases. He is also a marketing consultant and statistician, member of the Association Francaise de Marketing and of the Societe Francaise de Statistiques. ? ? ? ?His research focuses on the customer relationship, particularly in relation to satisfaction, loyalty and retention. Abstract Complaint behaviour is a set of consumer dissatisfaction responses. It is an explicit expression of dissatisfaction, but dissatisfaction is only one determinant of this behaviour. Complaint behaviour can be analysed as various types of response but also as a process. This paper proposes an integrated framework of the various theories of complaint behaviour leading toward a uni? ed ontology and to interpreting it from a new perspective. Dominique Crie ?IAE de Lille, 104, Avenue du Peuple Belge, 59 043 Lille Cedex, ? France. Tel: 33 (0)3 20 12 34 64; Fax: 33 (0)3 20 12 34 48; E-mail: [emailà protected] com INTRODUCTION This paper reviews a concept still relatively rarely considered by companies: consumer complaint behaviour. Within the framework of the relationship paradigm, complaint behaviour is a powerful signal which companies should take into account. On the one hand, it gives an organisation a last chance to retain the customer, if the organisation reacts appropriately, on the other hand it is a legitimate and ethical act toward the consumer.Generally, but not exclusively, complaint behaviour is one of the responses to perceived dissatisfaction in the post-purchase phase. In the ? rst section of the paper, a taxonomy of response styles used by dissatis? ed consumers is proposed. Then consumer com plaint behaviour (CCB) is de? ned and situated with regard to these various types of response. Finally, after clustering ââ¬Ëcomplainersââ¬â¢ and ââ¬Ënon-complainersââ¬â¢, this paper tries to track down the main dimensions of the CCB taxonomy through a structuralisation of its determinants within a diachronic approach ââ¬â the objective being to propose a clari? d conceptual and theoretical framework to integrate the large variety of works on the subject. The conclusion highlights a synthesis of this conceptual structure with regard to a uni? ed ontology. A TAXONOMY OF THE TYPES OF RESPONSE TO DISSATISFACTION A dissatis? ed consumer may adopt several types of response, classi? cation of which may be delicate. The taxonomy of responses ? rst requires a distinction between the notions of response and of action to be established. Indeed, the term ââ¬Ëactionââ¬â¢ implies a very speci? c behaviour, 60Database Marketing & Customer Strategy Management Vol. 11, 1, 60â â¬â79 Henry Stewart Publications 1741ââ¬â2439 (2003) Consumersââ¬â¢ complaint behaviour Table 1: A taxonomy of the types of response to dissatisfaction Towards enitity Response type Behavioural Public (Sellers, manufacturers, of? cial organisations, associations, justice) Complaint Legal action Return of the item Request for repair No action, with or without modi? cation of the attitude Forget or forgive Private (Family, friends, relations) Word of mouth Boycott/leaving Non-behavioural hile the term ââ¬Ëresponseââ¬â¢ contains several modalities which are not exclusively behavioural, notably change of attitude or inactivity. This distinction establishes a ? rst dimension. The second is represented by the entities towards which responses are directed: the public one includes sellers, manufacturers and consumer associations or legal action; the private one includes family, friends or relatives. Finally, responses show different intensities according to the two previous dimensions. Responses may vary from inactivity to legal action ââ¬â either simply to express dissatisfaction or to obtain repair or compensation (Table 1).The heterogeneity of these various response types may be partially explained by the cause and intensity of dissatisfaction and by the nature and importance of the product or service of concern. On the other hand, consumers may mix or connect several response types for the same dissatisfaction. This aspect is relatively neglected by the literature, although Hirschman1 notes that complaint and exit are not two symmetric elements: when a customer leaves the company, he/she loses ââ¬Ëthe opportunityââ¬â¢ to use their voice, while if he/she uses the complaint ? rst, he/she is always free to leave later if the complaint does not succeed.So exit can be a substitute for and complement to a complaint. The more expensive and complex the product, the more consumers are inclined to initiate public action, however the greater likelih ood is that they will stay inactive or choose private action. 2ââ¬â4 The authors of the ? rst stream of literature are numerous, but Hirschmanââ¬â¢s work remains standard in the conceptualisation of responses to dissatisfaction through the model ââ¬ËExit, Voice and Loyaltyââ¬â¢. Exit is an active and destructive response to dissatisfaction, exhibited by a break of the relationship with the object (brand, product, retailer, supplier. . ). The verbal response (Voice) is a constructive response with an expectation of change in an organisationââ¬â¢s practices, policies and responses; it is characterised by complaints towards friends, consumer associations and relevant organisations. The third type of response (Loyalty) has two aspects, constructive and passive, the individual hoping that things will evolve in a positive way. For Brown and Swartz,5 it is especially a feeling of impotence that is the cause of this behavioural loyalty. ââ¬ËThe neglect of the incident and the inherent inactivityââ¬â¢ can, however, be considered as evidence for loyalty.Research designed to explain the various types of response to dissatisfaction is limited. Scales have been created for this purpose by Day et al. 6 but they are without methodological and Henry Stewart Publications 1741-2439 (2003) Vol. 11, 1, 60ââ¬â79 Database Marketing & Customer Strategy Management 61 Crie ? psychometric validation. Only Bearden and Teel7 have investigated the various types of response using a Guttman scale. The data are collected from ? ve items of increasing intensity: (1) family and friends warning, (2) return of the item and/or complaint, (3) contact with the manufacturer, (4) contact with consumer associations or of? ial organisations and (5) legal action, notably when the customer does not obtain satisfaction with the seller. 8 Empirically validated, this scale does not, however, take into account the non-behavioural responses highlighted by previous research, and a sin gle item relates to private action. 9 Of a rather formative nature, every item contributes in its own way to the development of the intensity of the responses. Day10 con? rms the relevance of the use of such a scale. The main aim of this taxonomy is to clarify the various responses a dissatis? d consumer could use, in order to track down more precisely those which the company can observe directly. DEFINING CONSUMER COMPLAINT BEHAVIOUR Among the various types of response to dissatisfaction, some of them more direcly concern CCB. The ? rst conceptual base of this phenomenon concerning post-purchase was stated at the end of the 1970s. 11 Jacoby and Jaccard12 de? ne it as ââ¬Ëan action begun by the individual who entails a communication of something negative to a product (service), either towards the company or towards a third entityââ¬â¢. For Day et al. 13 it is the consequence ââ¬Ëof a given act of consumption, following which the consumer is confronted with an experience gen erating a high dissatisfaction, of suf? cient impact so that it is, neither likened psychologically, nor quickly forgottenââ¬â¢. Fornell and Wernerfelt14 consider that the complaint is ââ¬Ëan attempt of the customer to change an unsatisfactory situationââ¬â¢. Finally, Singh15 suggests that this behaviour, activated at an emotional or sentimental level by a perceived dissatisfaction, is part of the more general framework of responses to dissatisfaction which consists of two dimensions (see also Day and Landon16).The ? rst dimension, grounded completely or in part in actions initiated by the consumer (conveying expression of his/her dissatisfaction not only to the seller, but also to third parties, friends or relations17,18), is behavioural but does not necessarily entail action towards the company; it is essentially within this dimension that CCB should be considered. The second dimension refers to absence of action by the consumer, for example when he/she forgets a generati ve episode of dissatisfaction. 19,20 In this way, CCB must, rather, be conceived as a process, ie its ? al manifestation does not directly depend on its initiating factors but on evaluation of the situation by the consumer and of its evolution over time. So, CCB really constitutes a subset of all possible responses to perceived dissatisfaction around a purchase episode, during consumption or during possession of the good (or service). In fact, the notion of ââ¬Ëcomplaint behaviourââ¬â¢ includes a more general terminology which also involves the notions of protest, communication (word of mouth) or recommendation to third parties21 and even the notion of boycott.This notion is conceptually inserted in a set of explicit demonstrations, generally towards the seller, of a consumerââ¬â¢s dissatisfaction. It seems then that it is necessary to include in the de? nition of CCB a set of responses, heterogeneous in their targets ââ¬â the study of this behaviour not being separable from understanding of all the responses to dissatisfaction. 62 Database Marketing & Customer Strategy Management Vol. 11, 1, 60ââ¬â79 Henry Stewart Publications 1741ââ¬â2439 (2003) Consumersââ¬â¢ complaint behaviour DISSATISFACTION Behavioural response Non-behavioural response Towards company Perceptible by the companyTowards market Not perceptible by the company Inactivity Change of attitude Complaint Legal action Leaving Negative word of mouth Repeat purchase or behavioural loyalty Simple complaint Repair compensation Figure 1: Responses to dissatisfaction and complaint behaviour In the rest of this paper, therefore, the term ââ¬Ëcomplaint behaviourââ¬â¢ is used in the conceptual meaning of a public behavioral response to dissatisfaction. So, for a company, only part of these responses will be perceptible, including complaint in the sense described previously (Figure 1). On the other hand, it is the retailer who will be most affected by CCB.The manufacturer is se ldom sought out, so such crucial information reaches him only rarely, and often not at all. 22,23 A TYPOLOGY OF DISSATISFIED CONSUMERS Several authors have tried to individualise groups of consumers with regard to the type of response adopted in the wider framework of dissatisfaction. Most researchers offer a ââ¬Ënormative typologyââ¬â¢ within which the ââ¬Ëcomplainersââ¬â¢ can be placed but without really distinguishing particular groups. These are opposed to the ââ¬Ënon-complainersââ¬â¢,24ââ¬â27 in this way these works are more concerned with responses to dissatisfaction than CCB in its strict sense.They are poor in terms of possible categories and are not grounded in a rigorous analysis of response styles. Certain typologies nevertheless allow a few speci? c behaviours in the expression of CCB to be extracted, for example the ââ¬Ëirritated activesââ¬â¢,28,29 the ââ¬Ëactivistsââ¬â¢,30 the ââ¬Ëcomplainersââ¬â¢, the ââ¬Ëiratesââ¬â¢,31 th e ââ¬Ëvoicersââ¬â¢,32 the ââ¬Ëslightly offendedââ¬â¢ or the ââ¬Ëchampionsââ¬â¢. 33 For Hirschman34 the complaint must be considered as feedback on the quality delivered by the company, the ââ¬Ëcomplainersââ¬â¢ are called ââ¬Ëalert customersââ¬â¢ (because they allow the company to improve the product or service) asHenry Stewart Publications 1741-2439 (2003) Vol. 11, 1, 60ââ¬â79 Database Marketing & Customer Strategy Management 63 Crie ? Table 2: Main types of complainers Behaviour Complaint (prostestation) Public action Voicers Champions Complainers Authors Dart and Freeman Weiser36 Etzel37 Shuptrine38 Bearden39 Day40 Gronhaug and Zaltman41 Singh42 Keng43 Masson44 Warland45 Singh46 Weiser47 Pfaff48 Warland49 Singh50 Dart51 Lost in action Weiser55 35 Private action Slightly offended Irates Authors Weiser52 Dart53 Singh54Request for repair Measures of retaliation Active upsets Irritated Detractors Activists opposed to ââ¬Ëinert customersââ¬â¢. Th e complaint is then a factor of enhancement for company performance. Taken as a whole the typology of dissatis? ed consumers overlaps with that of the responses to dissatisfaction and develops its structure at the same time as the intensity of the CCB modalities chosen by consumers, going from simple complaint to retaliatory measures in a register of public or private actions (Table 2).Generally speaking, the various typologies outlined do not allow retailers or manufacturers to appreciate the complexity and variety of CCB in order to respond in an effective way, but it is likely that certain behaviours will be more speci? c in a given situation. For example, within the framework of a dissatisfaction bound to durable goods (high price and high commitment), one would tend to observe among ââ¬Ëcomplainersââ¬â¢ a stronger proportion of ââ¬Ëirritated activesââ¬â¢ or ââ¬Ëiratesââ¬â¢. In a weakly competitive market they will tend to be ââ¬Ëactivistsââ¬â¢.If the usu al quality level of products is weak, ââ¬Ëdetractorsââ¬â¢ and ââ¬Ëiratesââ¬â¢ will be observed. Finally, within the framework of a well-established relationship a majority of ââ¬Ëchampionsââ¬â¢ or ââ¬Ëslightly offended peopleââ¬â¢ would be expected. TOWARDS A DIACHRONIC APPROACH TO CCB The literature does not propose a systematisation in the organisation of antecedents and determinants of CCB. This de? ciency is essentially due to the fact that CCB is regarded as an immediate act and not as a process. In fact, this concept lacks a clearly identi? ed theoretical framework which allows the rganisation of a heterogeneous set of factors that initiate and modulate it and which can take into account resemblances and differences that also comply with the more global notion of dissatisfaction responses. Indeed, an ambiguity in the study of CCB results from the fact that it should not include, by semantic de? nition, the non-behavioural aspect of responses to dissatis faction or customers leaving. The 64 Database Marketing & Customer Strategy Management Vol. 11, 1, 60ââ¬â79 Henry Stewart Publications 1741ââ¬â2439 (2003) Consumersââ¬â¢ complaint behaviour iachronic nature of the phenomenon of complaint could probably explain similarities and differences which exist between these two concepts. The number of implied variables strengthens the idea that CCB is not an instantaneous phenomenon, it is the outcome of a process of preliminary evaluations under the in? uence of initiating and modulating factors. This approach also raises the question of the effect of time on a consumerââ¬â¢s initial impulse to complain. CCB occurs after increasing re? ection by the consumer. 56ââ¬â57 and Stephens and Gwinner,58 offer the ? rst longitudinal approach to CCB on the basis of in-depth interviews.For them, CCB results from a double cognitive evaluation. 59 The ? rst is de? ned as a process by which the individual estimates how much in? uence a p articular situation, in a given environment, has on his/her well being. The second may be analysed as a problem resolution strategy. The CCB depends then on the situation and on the psychological resources of the individuals. Within this framework, it is then relevant to think that generally the intention to complain or protest must occur at the same time as dissatisfaction and under the in? uence of initiating factors.This primary intention is then the object of various distorting or modulating factors meaning that the ? nal outcome is often different from that intended, it can be highly altered or just not come about at all. This idea then leads to the consideration of a number of non-behavioural responses to dissatisfaction or responses not perceptible by the company (cf. Figure 1) as being in some way failed CCBs. It is thus relevant to analyse how this intention arises and changes over time. After a phase of initiation represented by the initial level of dissatisfaction, then a phase of re? ction necessary for the integration of its cause and for the evaluation of the possible responses, there follows a phase of decision and of action which will in fact re? ect only the residual dissatisfaction at the conclusion of the process. This remaining dissatisfaction can nevertheless be reinforced to reach a higher level than that of the initial dissatisfaction, for example if the consumer is strengthened in his/her decision, either by the problem worsening, by the salespersonââ¬â¢s attitude or by the encouragement of third parties. In that case, measures taken by the consumer can be more signi? ant than those initially intended. Nevertheless the process does not stop with the voicing of the complaint, it also includes evaluation of the companyââ¬â¢s response and concludes with the ? nal behaviour which ensues from it (repurchase or exit). It is then advisable to restore, in a diachronic framework, various streams of literature whose main object is to explai n the result of this process. Indeed, when researchers take time into account in CCB, it is essentially the available time to protest that is considered60 and not the period separating the episode of dissatisfaction from the response to it.But, the procedural knowledges are connected in time. They echo information relative to processes, that is to say sequences of actions, or sequences of reasoning in the sense that they order, or at least structure, the progress of several operations, possibly several procedures. This cognitive approach to complaint behaviour places it totally within the framework of a decision process. TOWARDS AN INTEGRATION OF THE VARIOUS ANTECEDENTS AND DETERMINANTS OF CCB In a simplistic way and besides its diachronic aspect, it is possible to distinguish within the conceptual part of the literature related to the determinantsHenry Stewart Publications 1741-2439 (2003) Vol. 11, 1, 60ââ¬â79 Database Marketing & Customer Strategy Management 65 Crie ? Psycholo gical sphere ââ¬â Sociocultural factors ââ¬â Frustration/assurance ââ¬â Learning ââ¬â Attribution ââ¬â Attitude/complaint ââ¬â Experiences ââ¬â Educational level DISSATISFACTION Negative word of mouth Economic sphere ââ¬â Structure of the market ââ¬â Frequency of purchases ââ¬â Interactions buyer / seller ââ¬â Costs of the complaint ââ¬â Probability of success ââ¬â Expected profit ââ¬â Incomes ââ¬â Switching barriers ââ¬â Equity ââ¬â Loyalty ââ¬â InformationTYPE OF RESPONSE Complaint Legal action Inactivity Leaving Ethical sphere Figure 2: Antecedents and determinants of CCB of CCB, three spheres of factors which interact with different weights to lead, eventually, to CCB or to other modalities of response to dissatisfaction such as de? ned above. The psychological sphere is made up of individual variables re? ecting the propensity to CCB. The economic sphere groups together elements of cost and exchange structu res. Finally, the ethical sphere incorporates transactional equity, concentrating on the erception of the value of the link with the company and on the accuracy and helpfulness of the information given, for example, regarding ways to resolve the disputes, etc (Figure 2). On the other hand, the diachronic approach to CCB requires its various antecedents and determinants to be anchored on two points: ? rst on the initiating factors and secondly on the factors modulating the mode of complaint. This point of view allows not only integration of the various explanatory theories and the synthesis described above but also for a short path to complaint to be distinguished from a long one.This distinction, notably, can take into account the role of time and of both types of factors on CCB. In a short path the in? uence of the modulating factors is less, the complaint occurring mostly at the sale point, almost simultaneously with delivery of the product or service. It is an immediate emotional reaction rather than an extended process. In a long, extended path, however, there are more modulating factors which seem to shape the type of response. (The variables of the ethical sphere work as initiators, those of the economic sphere have a modulator role and those of the psychological sphere can be classi? d as either type. ) On the whole, four entities are directly involved in CCB: the product or service, the customer, the supplier and the episode of dissatisfaction. These various actors allow, within the framework of a diachronic approach, the multiple antecedents and determinants of CCB (Table 3) to be re-ordered. 66 Database Marketing & Customer Strategy Management Vol. 11, 1, 60ââ¬â79 Henry Stewart Publications 1741ââ¬â2439 (2003) Consumersââ¬â¢ complaint behaviour Table 3: Various determinants of CCB according to the stage and the actorStage of CB Actor Product/service Initiation of CB Dissatisfaction level Modulation of CB Structure of the market Alternative s Purchase rate Price, complexity of the product/service Attitude, Experience/CB Learning, Information/CB Loyalty Education, Age, Sex Ethnicity Way of life Secondary evaluation of response possibilities Absence of management of post purchase Ease of access to the company Switching barriers Switching costs Customer/seller interactions Size of the company, business sector Expected pro? t Transaction costs of CB Probability of success Importance of consumer organisations CustomerPerceived frustration Perceived inequity Assurance (self control) Will to act Primary evaluation of the dissatisfaction Supplier Quality defect Incident/product or service Episode Situation, circumstances Dissatisfaction attribution Time-spatial simultaneity of the dissatisfaction and response possibilities Initiating factors of CCB Several factors may lead to CCB. Introducing and determining, partly, a consumerââ¬â¢s choice of a given type of response to dissatisfaction, they allow on the one hand a better understanding of consumersââ¬â¢ motivation for CCB and, on the other hand, a forecast of what response will be the most likely to be adopted.Ordinarily consumers need to be dissatis? ed in order to complain but other variables are necessary to switch from dissatisfaction to complaint. Such variables may lie in attribution of the cause of dissatisfaction or in psychosociological characteristics of the individual consumer (see Table 3). Dissatisfaction Dissatisfaction is a necessary antecedent of CCB, but is often not suf? cient61,62 (see also Jacoby and Jaccard,63 Westbrook64 and Ping65 on the notion of complaint without dissatisfaction66). It is the activating factor of the process. 7 Besides, Oliver68 underlines the existing relationship between the intensity of the dissatisfaction and this behaviour. 69 Grandbois et al. ,70 Richins,71 Maute and Forrester72 prove that the gravity of the problem is correlated in a positive way with the various responses to dissatisfaction includi ng CCB. The more the dissatisfaction increases, the more the verbal complaint strengthens and the more the probability of leaving the company grows. For Singh and Pandya,73 the relationship ââ¬Ëintensity-type of responseââ¬â¢ is not linear and admits threshold effects.When the level of dissatisfaction exceeds a given threshold consumers tend to use either negative word of mouth or leaving or appeal to a third party. On the other hand, the relationship between attitude to the Henry Stewart Publications 1741-2439 (2003) Vol. 11, 1, 60ââ¬â79 Database Marketing & Customer Strategy Management 67 Crie ? complaint and CCB itself can be modulated by the intensity of the dissatisfaction. 74ââ¬â76 Attribution of the cause of the dissatisfaction Psychosociological factorsTo lead to CCB, the consumer has to identify clearly the party responsible for his or her dissatisfaction during a given consumption episode (Table 3). In numerous cases it is the consumer himself/herself, for ex ample when he/she judges he/she did not make the right choice. So, even if for Valle77 the attribution of responsibility for dissatisfaction operates as an intermediary between the confusion and the response which follow, it is advisable to classify it as an initiating factor of CCB. According to Weiner et al. 78 a success or failure can be attributed either to elements under the control of the individual (internal cause[s]), or to environment or situational factors (external cause[s]). On the other hand, the performance can be attributed to invariant factors (stable) or evolving with time (unstable). The type of attribution achieved by the consumer determines a priori the response that may be chosen. If an external attribution is necessary for a private type action, a legal action or a request for repair, in the case of an internal attribution it is especially inactivity which dominates. 9 Usually, consumers who perceive the cause of their dissatisfaction as being stable (the same problem may recur) or controllable (the individual thinks that the retailer could have prevented the trouble) are more inclined to leave the product or the company and to engage in negative word of mouth than those who think that the problem has little chance of recurring and that the supplier could not prevent it (see also Folkes80). Some individual characteristics are to be considered as initiators of CCB, although they can also play a modulating role according to the situation (Table 3).Fornell and Westbrook,81 according to Mischel,82 associate CCB with the feeling of frustration felt by a dissatis? ed consumer. Frustration arises not only when the objective assigned to a given behaviour is blocked or interrupted before its ful? lment, but also when the result achieved has a lower level than that sought, or when its realisation requires more resources than the consumer can, wants or expects to spend to reach the desired objective. This feeling is also present when the means to re ach the satisfaction, both at the resources level and at the wanted object level (product or brand), are reduced or suppressed.Along the same lines, frustration can arise in situations of purchase intention (unavailability of the product or of the brand) or in post-purchase situations (dissatisfaction of use or of ownership). The more substantial the frustration, the greater the risk of aggressiveness and CCB. For Stephens and Gwinner83 the stress of dissatisfaction adds to the daily stress and CCB is connected to a double evaluation of the situation during a cognitive process. Three constituents form the primary evaluation of the stress: (1) the level of modi? ation of the individual objectives; (2) the incongruity between these objectives and the incident; (3) the level of the personââ¬â¢s ego infringement (humiliation, self-esteem, ethical values). A second evaluation of possible response strategies is then initiated according to: (1) the responsibility attribution for the con fusion; (2) the possibility of solving the problem (capacities of the individual, probability of success); (3) the feeling that things will go better afterwards. If 68Database Marketing & Customer Strategy Management Vol. 11, 1, 60ââ¬â79 Henry Stewart Publications 1741ââ¬â2439 (2003) Consumersââ¬â¢ complaint behaviour the resulting stress of the primary evaluation can be reduced by a solving strategy (secondarily estimated), the probability of CCB is great. If, on the other hand, this strategy risks increasing the initial stress, the main probability turns out to be a non-behavioural response or a response towards the market (see Figure 1). Other individual characteristics may also in? ence the start of a complaint process,84 eg loyalty to the brand, product or supplier; the level of quality assessment, the educational level and tastes; the ability to detect quality differences (a function of experience) and the acquired level of information; perception of the ââ¬Ëcost /pro? tââ¬â¢ ratio of the possible actions. For Lapidus and Pinkerton,85 the consumerââ¬âretailer relationship is one of social exchange and, therefore, equity theory may be applied in order to explain the initiation of CCB.The consumer compares his/her inputs/outputs ratio with those that he/she perceives to be received by the seller. Naturally this comparison can be biased according to the trend (positive or negative) of the revealed inequity. The complaint appears then as an attempt to reduce the perceived inequity (see also Blodgett et al. 86). Secondly, the costs inherent in the complaint and its perceived outcome can be considered as inputs and outputs of this theory. Finally, learning theory can also be mentioned: the inclination to CCB is essentially a function of past experiences87ââ¬â90 and of their outcome. 1 Modulator factors of CCB Dissatisfaction can be organised around two congruent factors: the former is situational, the latter temporal. It can indeed occu r where the product is purchased or the service is delivered and thus be immediate, but it can also take place at a distance from the act of purchase. In the same way, the response to dissatisfaction can be either immediate or deferred. So the CCB can consist of rather a short path in the case of a dissatisfaction on the spot and of an immediate response, or a long circuit in the case of delayed dissatisfaction with regard to the purchase act or of a postponed response.It is then, especially in this last situation, that numerous variables can intervene to modify the consumerââ¬â¢s actual response, by moderating or aggravating it: ultimately the intensity of the CCB will thus depend on an evaluation of the situation during a temporal process. The market structure, sociocultural characteristics or evaluation of the various costs associated with CCB will act as modulators of the process outcome. The market structure The market structure can be regarded as an element in? uencing the response type choice adopted by a dissatis? ed consumer (see Table 3).For Hirschman,92 consumers are ready to voice their complaints in two circumstances: (1) the way they balance the certainty of leaving and the uncertainty of an improvement in the product or service quality and (2) the estimation they make of their capacity to in? uence the organisation by voicing their concerns. These two factors are far from being independent. Fornell and Didow93 situate CCB in the larger ? eld of rational choice ââ¬â with the slight difference that choice in economic theory is in the pre-purchase period, while CCB is generally a post-purchase phenomenon.The objects of choice are also different: products and services in the ? rst case, type of response in the second. In this theoretical framework, they show that verbal action can be Henry Stewart Publications 1741-2439 (2003) Vol. 11, 1, 60ââ¬â79 Database Marketing & Customer Strategy Management 69 Crie ? expressed as a preference functi on and as the possibility of purchasing elsewhere. Indeed, in a restricted competitive environment, verbal action will be the only possible action for a dissatis? ed consumer. 4,95 In contrast, when competitors are numerous, the customerââ¬â¢s leaving becomes the most likely reaction and his/her action is then situated at the market level (see Figure 1). Therefore, the market structure appears as a powerful determinant of CCB. On the other hand, and within this framework, sensitivity of the various customer segments, either to price or quality, shapes the dominant response type to dissatisfaction. Those sensitive to price may leave the company, those sensitive to quality are more inclined to complain. 6 It also seems that buyerââ¬âseller interaction frequency (ie purchase rate) plays a part in the preference for verbal action. 97 The more frequent these interactions the fewer the public actions. 98 On the other hand, Barksdale et al. 99 report that the lower the level of purc hase at the same supplier, the greater the tendency to CCB. New purchases lead to more complaints and the usual suppliers receive more complaints than the new ones. For Weiser,100 the degree of ease of access to the company and the willingness of the customer to complain are determining elements in the choice of a response type. In a more speci? way, Andreasen101 emphasises, within the framework of nearly monopolistic markets or markets perceived as such, that the response type is a function of the: perceived heterogeneity of the offer quality; level of knowledge; level of perceived switching costs; probability of success of a verbal action both for the individual and the community; supposed complaint level of other consumers; and the degree of loyalty to the product, brand or supplier. The attractiveness of the alternatives or the availability of substitutable goods shows a strong relationship with the response type adopted by the consumer. 02 In the same way, the more important th e company the more the number of complaints. 103,104 Day et al. 105 classify in three categories the factors which can in? uence the propensity to CCB: (1) the circumstances de? ning the interests at work and evaluation of the costs and likely pro? ts of a search for compensation; (2) the characteristics of the individuals or the situation surrounding the costs and the purely psychological pro? ts of alternative actions, as well as the general tendency of the mediation interventions; (3) market conditions and the legal climate.For Day et al. , this latter category determines the probability of a favourable outcome to the action taken. Generally speaking this type of action will also depend on the nature of the product or service, the usable channels of complaint and the third parties which could intervene. On the other hand, for Andreasen and Best,106 the inclination of consumers to perceive problems depends on the nature of the exchange. For services this propensity is greatest, be cause they are, by nature, more dif? cult to assess (see Shuptrine and Wenglorz,107 Bearden and Masson108).But there is also a unit of time and place during service delivery which favours CCB. Referring to the attribution theory, Zeithaml and Bitner109 consider that because the customer is an actor in service delivery, the customer appropriates more willingly a part of responsibility in his/her dissatisfaction and tends to protest less often. Sociocultural factors Some sociocultural factors have to be acknowledged as modulators of the complaint process (see Table 3). For Day 70 Database Marketing & Customer Strategy Management Vol. 11, 1, 60ââ¬â79 Henry Stewart Publications 1741ââ¬â2439 (2003)Consumersââ¬â¢ complaint behaviour et al. ,110 (1) the standards of life and the effectiveness of the marketing system, (2) the degree of regulation and control of economic activities and marketing practices and (3) the availability of information to help consumers make their choice or to know where to complain, represent three groups of characteristics to be taken into account for a cross-cultural approach to the phenomenon. Richins,111 within the framework of an international comparison, shows that in the USA the factors most correlated to CCB are price, the dif? ulty the consumer faces in resolving the confusion by himself and the attribution of the cause of dissatisfaction. In the Netherlands Richins found the correlating factors were price, responsibility for the damage and its felt intensity. The most determinative variables remain the attribution of responsibility and the perceived consequences of a complaint, two variables less correlated to CCB in the American sample. Cornwell, Bligh and Babakus112 clearly highlight that ethnic origin plays an important role in CCB especially through values and the way of life.Webster113 also ? nds an in? uence of ethnic factors when the effect of social variables is controlled. Furthermore, women generally have a grea ter inclination to complain and people living in rural areas are more prone to negative word of mouth. 114 For Farhangmehr and Silva,115 educational level is a determining variable; the higher it is the more consumers tend to complain in a dissatisfaction situation (see Gronhaug,116 Morganosky and Buckley117). In their study, the reasons for silence on the part of the consumer are: the effort and waste of time involved (44. per cent) which can be compared with the expected gain; the feeling of not being understood or that the problem will not be resolved (30. 3 per cent); and not knowing where and how to complain (21. 1 per cent) which is related to the consumerââ¬â¢s information level. Obviously these proportions can vary with the opinion that consumers have about the possibility of resolution of their problem according to the sector or company concerned. 118 Gronhaug and Zaltman119 show that economic indicators such as income have only a weak explanatory power and that it is th e same for demographic factors. 20ââ¬â123 For Singh124 the ââ¬Ëcomplainersââ¬â¢ tend to have superior incomes, a higher educational level, are still working and are younger (also Bearden et al. 125). Laforge126 indeed shows that elderly people complain less, this in agreement with the sociological theory of learned helplessness which makes the individual passive because he/she perceives the situation as uncontrollable. The costs of the complaint In reference to the works of Landon,127 the pro? t of a complaint is a function of the result minus the cost of complaint.This result is itself estimated with regard to the importance and the nature of the damage sustained. The consumerââ¬â¢s preference for verbal action is then related to the expected value of the complaint outcome (connected with the importance of the dissatisfaction) minus the associated costs. 128 The latter depend notably on the image of the company, especially in the resolution of disputes, on the consumer ââ¬â¢s experience of CCB and on the nature of the dispute. An arbitration is thus achieved between cost and pro? of every possible action so as to gain maximum utility. 129 Gronhaug and Gilly130 use transaction costs theory131 in order to explain the various consumer responses to dissatisfaction. Three dimensions of this theory (speci? city, uncertainty and exchange frequency) can be invoked to Henry Stewart Publications 1741-2439 (2003) Vol. 11, 1, 60ââ¬â79 Database Marketing & Customer Strategy Management 71 Crie ? explain CCB. Does approaching the distributor or manufacturer entail speci? c costs? Generally, CCB requires time and effort thus generating a mixture of ifferent types of costs, eg opportunity cost of the elapsed time, deliberation costs, transportation costs ââ¬â these can be called CCB transaction costs. These costs are speci? c to the envisaged response type whether it is actual or not. They cannot be paid off afterwards, at best they could be used as a l earning stage in order to reduce them during a later complaint. Uncertainty arises from any transaction (ie complaint) and the consumer looks for information to reduce this uncertainty to a bearable level. Finally, the complaint frequency has a direct in? ence on its organisation, possibly becoming a ââ¬Ëroutineââ¬â¢, thus reducing the associated costs. This theory thus explains more frequent CCB when consumers have superior educational level: they know their rights so the level of uncertainty associated with the complaint is reduced and there is, therefore, a global decrease of the perceived costs of a complaint. Nevertheless, as a general rule, the majority of dissatis? ed customers do not complain. Kolodinsky132 insists moreover on the assessment, by the consumer, of the temporal cost of the choice of an appropriate response.Furthermore, as the search for a new product or supplier also generates numerous costs, it is often the case that the dissatis? ed consumer refrains fr om any action. 133,134 MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS FOR HANDLING COMPLAINTS Businesses are, too often, completely hopeless at dealing with complaints, although complaint management has become an important issue for many companies. Some elements of the various theories mentioned above allow managers to understand better the complaint process in order to cope with it better.First of all, and within the framework of relationship marketing, complaint management is a major strategic issue. On the one hand complaint management has a retention function in the sense that where a customer satis? ed with the treatment of his/her complaint gets a second-order feeling of satisfaction his/her con? dence with the company is strengthened. Thus companies that respond to consumer dissatisfaction and complaints with appropriate recovery strategies and satisfactory complaint resolution can turn dissatis? ed consumers into satis? ed ones, positively in? uencing repurchase rates (eg Bearden and Oliver135).To decrease the effect of dissatisfaction and the incidence of further negative actions, companies need to show, at the least, that they are responsive to legitimate complaints. But, if problems are resolved poorly, they are only the beginning of a multitude of ââ¬Ëhiddenââ¬â¢ actions which do not come to the attention of the business. So, proper handling of customer complaints improves repeat patronage intentions and reduces negative word of mouth. 136 Finally, in dealing with complaints, truly marketing-oriented companies must examine not only the costs of the remedy, but also the cost of not settling the complaint.The usual rationale is that complaints represent valuable feedback to companies that allows them to take corrective action vis-a-vis the defective product or ` service as regards either the critical incidents137 or adjustment of the offer to match customer expectations. Both actions are of strategic nature: the ? rst is concerned with customer relationship managemen t and retention, the second with an equally long-term strategy, ie continuous improvement of the product or service in order to ? t customer expectations. 72 Database Marketing & Customer Strategy ManagementVol. 11, 1, 60ââ¬â79 Henry Stewart Publications 1741ââ¬â2439 (2003) Consumersââ¬â¢ complaint behaviour From an operational point of view, the complaints handling process begins before the customer addresses his/her complaint to the seller or manufacturer. All must be done in order that the various costs associated with this behaviour are reduced, so that complaints are encouraged, facilitated and even solicited in order for companies to take corrective action. Kotler138 suggests that the best thing a retailer can do is to make it easy for a customer to complain.For example, Saint Maclou, a French nationally-advertised carpet manufacturer and retailer, indicates on each bill the name of the person to contact if a problem arises and, if the trouble remains unresolved, th e name of a more empowered executive is given. Access to the company thus has to be multichannel. The customer must be assured that he/she will be listened to and that his/her problem will probably be successfully resolved. Lastly, and according to justice theory, the consumer must be conscious that the failure will be corrected fairly, that is to say with impartiality, transparency, effectiveness and fairness.As the majority of dissatis? ed consumers leave the company without complaining, managers have to overcome customersââ¬â¢ natural disinclination to complain. Thus this process is concerned with service recovery, that is to say, the recti? cation of mistakes or compensation of customers. Service recovery is de? ned as the response a provider makes to a service failure;139 service failure usually requires dissatisfaction on the part of the customer. It begins with thanks for the approach by the customer: salespeople or staff need to learn to use ââ¬Ëcomplaint welcomingâ⠬⢠procedures.Then the complaint must be listened to. Psychologically speaking it is important for the customer to cope with his/her frustration through a kind of debrie? ng by oral or written expression of the trouble. For instance, complaint letters to Railtrack in the UK rose to an all time high in 2001, without the writers realistically expecting any immediate bene? t other than the ability to articulate their frustration. Complaint, especially voice, gives the customer an opportunity to ââ¬Ëtell their side of the storyââ¬â¢ which serves as a kind of reward for the customer. 40 Furthermore, Levy and Weitz141 argue that a salespersonââ¬â¢s willingness to listen can be an important source of consumer dissatisfaction and complaint intentions. A salespersonââ¬â¢s willingness to listen has been described as the degree of attentiveness a person shows. 142 According to Palmroth,143 a salesperson must ask questions until s/he understands the full nature of the complaint wi thout appearing to place blame on the customer. These salespeople should be seen as trustworthy, friendly, expert, honest, helpful and concerned.The third step is concerned with the acknowledgment of the failure, if justi? ed. (If not, it is necessary to explain why and, according to the attribution theory, to gently point out the misuse of the service or product. It should also be noted that some consumers may complain not out of dissatisfaction but in an effort to gain fraudulently from retailers or manufacturers. ) This is, however, related to the salespersonââ¬â¢s familiarity with the product and awareness of any possible problems with the merchandise in question.Apologies are the next step and empowered contact employees must be able to offer immediate redress where possible or advice on the way to proceed, always in order to reduce customersââ¬â¢ costs and frustration. Indeed, of customers who register a complaint, about 60 to 75 per cent will do business with the provid er again if their complaint has been resolved, and this Henry Stewart Publications 1741-2439 (2003) Vol. 11, 1, 60ââ¬â79 Database Marketing & Customer Strategy Management 73 Crie ? gure goes up to 95 per cent if the customer feels that the complaint was resolved quickly. Furthermore, providing compensation is a common response to customer complaints. In addition to the tangible bene? ts received, customers typically see the compensation as a symbolic expression of regret by the provider. 144 In a word, courteous and fast treatment by front of? ce personnel can enhance favourable post-complaint responses145 and staff must persuade the customer that all will be done to ensure that the trouble does not recur. Other authors provide some rules of thumb.For example, Davidow146 presents a model framework that divides the organisational responses to complaint into six separate dimensions: timeliness, facilitation, redress, apology, credibility and attentiveness. Nevertheless, according to Mitchell,147 a study shows that 51 per cent of his sample who had complained about a service and 23 per cent about products were less than completely satis? ed with the responses they received. The importance of regulatory authorities in determining how complaints should be managed in a marketing sense, and their active involvement in researching this area and etting standards should also be noted. Generally speaking the legal analysis assumes that it is important that companies are involved in ? xing problems with consumers. But more often, sector-based organisations are proactive and promulgate codes of conduct or of deontology in order to provide a conventional frame for a wide range of business activities, including complaints. For instance, Consumer Complaint Form (CCform; coordinated by the Federation of European Direct Marketing) is a European Commission Information Society Technology funded project to reach a consensus between business, consumers, academics and egulators on new, more ef? cient and transparent processes for complaints management. The CCform project aims to develop an online, multilingual complaint form and a best practice business process. With CCform, consumers will be able to make complaints in their own language, and then the form will be translated into the companiesââ¬â¢ preferred tongue. Note that cultural norms appear to change the way people react to dissatisfaction and so the response type. Consumers will be able to track the progress of their complaint, and, if necessary, escalate their grievance to a dispute resolution service or regulator.CCform can be used by any company doing business by e-commerce, distance selling or local retail operations. 148 Complainants may have recourse to a third party and an escalation in the process can result. In this sense, the complaint handling can also be seen as a dispute prevention mechanism. On the other hand, and from a customer relationship management point of view, CCB is an imp ortant early warning. Furthermore, Powers and Bendall-Lyon149 have shown that the number of complaints increased as a result of the introduction of a complaint management programme in an hospital context.Complaint management programmes enable organisations to receive complaint information in order to identify and accommodate dissatis? ed customers and identify common failure points in order to improve service quality. Each complaint either by phone, face to face, letter or e-mail, should be recorded in the database. The manager should be able to link each product, customer and complaint together. For example, a customer with an increasing complaint rate may be in a leaving phase and should be carefully monitored. Indeed, and although customer 4 Database Marketing & Customer Strategy Management Vol. 11, 1, 60ââ¬â79 Henry Stewart Publications 1741ââ¬â2439 (2003) Consumersââ¬â¢ complaint behaviour relationship management aims to establish and maintain ongoing customer relati onships by focusing on the speci? c customerââ¬â¢s needs in order to deliver high levels of customer satisfaction and company loyalty, one major aspect of customer relationship management is the effective handling of customer complaints. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RESEARCH This paper allows CCB to be placed and de? ed within the larger framework of responses to dissatisfaction and then suggests an integrating framework of diachronic nature. Until now research into CCB has taken a deductive approach, researchers trying to deduce its causes from contextual or individual elements without being really interested in the process taking place in a temporal space of variable duration. The various works of literature studied offer different explanations for CCB but few of them consider the sequence and interaction of initiating or modulating factors in a process.CCB is indeed essentially described in its immediate nature, that is to say as an instantaneous event. Nevertheless, the nature and i ntensity of response to dissatisfaction certainly depend on the type of experience and on the responsible product/service but they also involve two other actors (the supplier and the customer) in a diachronic framework. The variability of individual reactions, notably revealed by the lack of a clear typology of ââ¬Ëcomplainers and noncomplainersââ¬â¢, results from a different weighting of constitutive elements of the process over time.The joining together and organisation of these elements, from which three large areas can be isolated (the utilitarian sphere of the economists, the ethical sphere of equity and the psychological sphere, notably represented by attribution), supply a synthetic approach by describing CCB in two stages: initiation and modulation. The initiation phase is related to the dissatisfaction level which determines the opening of the process. It is then followed by a search for attribution of the problem and by the perception of the inequitable character of the transaction engendering frustration or stress which the individual will try to minimise.It is during the evaluation of the problem resolution strategies that modulators, such as experience and attitude towards the complaint, personality of the individual and his/her sensitivity to quality, will or will not allow the process to evolve towards the actual complaint. Other factors of this type can be isolated, such as loyalty level and information level, the degree of nearness (commitment) in the relationship with the supplier, the market structure (particularly the possibility of choice alternatives) and ? ally, the hoped/expected utility of the complaint with regard to the perceived costs as well as the accessibility of the company for CCB. If CCB is taken to be a process it becomes easy to link together all the response types following an episode of dissatisfaction and this knowledge is helpful for complaints handling, eg in encouraging the customer to complain or in avoiding his leaving. The TARP study150 indeed indicates that 90 per cent of dissatis? ed consumers initiate no action and leave the product, brand or company.So, the managerial implications arise not only from contextual factors but also from the diachronic aspect of the phenomenon. Although initiators are only weakly accessible to action by the manager, except by avoiding dissatisfaction and by strengthening the perceived equity of transactions, some Henry Stewart Publications 1741-2439 (2003) Vol. 11, 1, 60ââ¬â79 Database Marketing & Customer Strategy Management 75 Crie ? modulators can be amended so as to lead the dissatis? ed customer to complain more frequently. Thus the company can contribute to the modi? ation of consumersââ¬â¢ attitudes towards CCB by: rendering more favourable the perception of previous experiences; restoring a feeling of equity after a complaint; decreasing the costs, particularly the psychological ones; and ? nally, establishing interpersonal relationships th at reduce the attraction of alternatives. It is necessary to reward customers who complain by including them in this step and by getting them used to this cultural change. It is necessary to insist on the urgency of a dissatisfaction communication to the company and to shorten the response delay (free phone number, speci? coupon, website, CCform. . . ) in order to minimise the negative constituents of the modulators. From a passive role of complaint reception, the company has to evolve towards a proactive stage in the genesis and the actual expression of CCB. It is then necessary to gather information about dissatisfaction as quickly as possible in order to divert a process which would otherwise probably lead to the customer leaving. So, complaints must be regarded more as a marketing tool than as a cost (better service to the customer and customer retention); they constitute a fundamental element of relationship marketing.This synthesis should encourage the number of research studi es into the diachronic side of CCB, in the sense that any dissatisfaction (of external attribution) requires that the consumer get in touch with the company. So, the relationship between dissatisfaction, complaint intention and actual response deserve to be clari? ed in connection with time. It is also advisable to analyse more exactly consumersââ¬â¢ expectations of complaints. It is indeed by satisfying these expectations that marketers can hope to increase the number of ââ¬Ëcomplainersââ¬â¢. References 1 Hirschman, A. O. (1970) ââ¬ËExit, voice and loyalty: Responses to decline in ? ms, organizations and statesââ¬â¢, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. 2 Day, R. and Landon, E. Jr. (1977) ââ¬ËToward a theory of consumer complaining behaviorââ¬â¢ in Woodside, Sheth and Bennett (eds) ââ¬ËConsumer and industrial buying behaviorââ¬â¢, North Holland Publishing Co. , Amsterdam, pp. 425ââ¬â437. 3 Richins, M. L. (1987) ââ¬ËA multivariate analysis of re sponses to dissatisfactionââ¬â¢, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 24ââ¬â31. 4 Levesque, T. J. and McDougall, G. H. G. (1996) ââ¬ËCustomer dissatisfaction: The relationship between types of problems and customer responseââ¬â¢, Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 264ââ¬â276. 5 Brown, S. and Swartz, T. (1984) ââ¬ËConsumer medical complaint behavior: Determinants of and alternatives to malpractices litigationââ¬â¢, Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, Vol. 3, pp. 85ââ¬â98. 6 Day, R. L. , Grabicke, K. , Schaetzle, T. and Staubach, F. (1981) ââ¬ËThe hidden agenda of consumer complainingââ¬â¢, Journal of Retailing, Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 86ââ¬â106. 7 Bearden, W. O. and Teel, J. E. (1983) ââ¬ËSelected determinants of consumer satisfaction and complaint reportsââ¬â¢, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 21ââ¬â28. 8 Barnes, J. and Kelloway, K. R. 1980) ââ¬ËConsumerists: Complaining behavior and attitude toward social and consumer issuesââ¬â¢, Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 7, pp. 329ââ¬â334. 9 Singh, J. (1988) ââ¬ËConsumer complaint intentions and behavior: De? nitional and taxonomical issuesââ¬â¢, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 93ââ¬â107. 10 Day, R. L. (1984) ââ¬ËModeling choices among alternative responses to dissatisfactionââ¬â¢, Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 11, pp. 496ââ¬â499. 11 Day and Landon (1977) op. cit. 12 Jacoby, J. and Jaccard, J. J. (1981) ââ¬ËThe sources, meaning and validity of consumer complaining behavior; A psychological reviewââ¬â¢, Journal of Retailing, Vol. 57, No. , pp. 4ââ¬â24. 13 Day et al. (1981) op. cit. 14 Fornell, C. and Wernerfelt, B. (1987) ââ¬ËDefensive marketing strategy by customer complaint management: A theoretical analysisââ¬â¢, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 337ââ¬â346. 15 Singh (1988) op. cit. 16 Day and Landon Jr. (1977) op. cit. 17 Day (1984) op. cit. 18 Richins, M. L. (1983) ââ¬ËNegative word of mouth by dissatis? ed consumers: A pilot studyââ¬â¢, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 68ââ¬â78. 19 Hirschman (1970) op. Cit. 20 Day and Landon Jr. (1977) op. cit. 76 Database Marketing & Customer Strategy Management Vol. 11, 1, 60ââ¬â79 Henry Stewart Publications 1741ââ¬â2439 (2003)Consumersââ¬â¢ complaint behaviour 21 Mooradian, T. A. and Olver, J. M. (1997) ââ¬ËI canââ¬â¢t get no satisfaction: The impact of personality and emotion on postpurchase processesââ¬â¢, Psychology and Marketing, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 379ââ¬â393. 22 Kolodinsky, J. (1995) ââ¬ËUsefulness of economics in explaining consumer complaintsââ¬â¢, The Journal of Consumer Affairs, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 29ââ¬â54. 23 Lovelock, C. H. (1996) ââ¬ËServices marketingââ¬â¢, 3rd ed. , Prentice Hall, New Jersey, pp. 473ââ¬â480. 24 Day, R. (1980) ââ¬ËResearch perspectives on consumer compl aint behaviorââ¬â¢, Lamb and Dunne (eds) ââ¬ËTheoretical developments in marketingââ¬â¢, AMA, Chicago IL, pp. 11ââ¬â215. 25 Shuptrine, K. and Wenglorz, G. (1980) ââ¬ËComprehensive identi? cation of consumerââ¬â¢s marketplace problems and what they do about themââ¬â¢, Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 8, pp. 687ââ¬â692. 26 Gronhaug, K. and Zaltman, G. (1981) ââ¬ËComplainers and non-complainers revisited: Another look at the dataââ¬â¢, Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 8, pp. 83ââ¬â87. 27 Bearden and Teel (1983) op. cit. 28 Masson, J. B. and Himes, S. H. (1973) ââ¬ËAn exploratory behavioral and socio-economic pro? le of consumer action about a dissatisfaction with selected household appliancesââ¬â¢, Journal of Consumer Affairs, Vol. , No. 1, pp. 121ââ¬â127. 29 Warland, R. H. , Hermann, R. O. and Willis, J. (1975) ââ¬ËDissatis? ed consumers: Who gets upset and who takes actionââ¬â¢, Journal of Consumer Affairs, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 148ââ¬â163. 30 Pfaff, M. and Blivice, S. (1977) ââ¬ËSocioeconomic correlates of consumer and citizen dissatisfaction and activismââ¬â¢, in Day R. ââ¬ËConsumer satisfaction, dissatisfaction and complaining behaviorââ¬â¢, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, pp. 115ââ¬â123. 31 Singh, J. (1990) ââ¬ËA typology of consumer dissatisfaction response stylesââ¬â¢, Journal of Retailing, Vol. 66, No. 1, pp. 57ââ¬â98. 32 Dart, J. and Freeman, K. 1994) ââ¬ËDissatisfaction response styles among clients of professional accounting ? rmsââ¬â¢, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 75ââ¬â82. 33 Weiser, C. (1995), ââ¬ËCustomer retention: The importance of the ââ¬Ëââ¬ËListening Organisationââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ ââ¬â¢, Journal of Database Marketing, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 344ââ¬â358. 34 Hirschman (1970) op. cit. 35 Dart and Freeman (1994) op. cit. 36 Weiser (1995) op. cit. 37 Etzel, M. and Siverman, B. (1981) ââ¬ËA managerial perspective on directions for retail customer satisfaction researchââ¬â¢, Journal of Retailing, Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 124ââ¬â136. 38 Shuptrine and Wenglorz, (1980) op. cit. 39 Bearden, W. , Crockett, M. nd Teel, J. (1980) ââ¬ËA past model of consumer complaint behaviorââ¬â¢, in Bagozzi, R. P. (ed. ) ââ¬ËMarketing in the 80ââ¬â¢s: Changes and challengesââ¬â¢, AMA Proceedings, Chicago, IL, pp. 101ââ¬â104. 40 Day (1980) op. cit. 41 Gronhaug and Zaltman (1981) op. cit. 42 Singh (1988) and (1990) op. cit. 43 Keng, K. A. , Richemond, D. and Han, S. (1995) ââ¬ËDeterminants of consumer complaint behaviour: A study of Singapore consumersââ¬â¢, Journal of International Consumer Marketing, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 59ââ¬â67. 44 Masson and Himes (1973) op. cit. 45 Warland (1975) op. cit. 46 Singh (1988) and (1990) op. cit. 47 Weiser (1995) op. cit. 48 Pfaff and Blivice (1977) op. it. 49 Warland, R. H. , Hermann, R. O. and Moore, D. E. (1984) ââ¬ËConsumer and community involvemen t: An exploration of their theoretical and empirical linkagesââ¬â¢, Journal of Consumer Affairs, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 64ââ¬â79.. 50 Singh (1988) and (1990) op. cit. 51 Dart and Freeman (1994) op. cit. 52 Weiser (1995) op. cit. 53 Dart and Freeman (1994) op. cit. 54 Singh (1988) and (1990) op. cit. 55 Weiser (1995) op. cit. 56 Kolodinsky (1995) op. cit. 57 Conlon, D. E. and Murray, N. M. (1996) ââ¬ËCustomer perceptions of corporate responses to product complaints: The role of explanationsââ¬â¢, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 1040ââ¬â1056. 58 Stephens, N. and Gwinner, K. P. (1998) ââ¬ËWhy donââ¬â¢t some people complain? A cognitive-emotive process model of consumer complaint behaviorââ¬â¢, Journal of The Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 26, No. 3, 172ââ¬â189. 59 Lazarus, R. S. (1966) ââ¬ËPsychological stress and the coping processââ¬â¢, McGraw Hill, New York. 60 Kolodinsky (1995) op. cit. 61 Day (1984) op. cit. 62 Oliver, R. L. ( 1987) ââ¬ËAn investigation of the interrelationship between consumer (dis)satisfaction and complaint reportsââ¬â¢, Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 14, pp. 218ââ¬â222. 63 Jacoby and Jaccard (1981) op. cit. 4 Westbrook, R. A. (1987) ââ¬ËProduct/consumption based affective responses and postpurchase processesââ¬â¢, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 258ââ¬â270. 65 Ping, R. A. (1993) ââ¬ËThe effects of satisfaction and structural constraints on retailer exiting, voice, loyalty, opportunism and neglectââ¬â¢, Journal of Retailing, Vol. 69, No. 3, pp. 320ââ¬â352. 66 These authors mention the possibility of complaint by satis? ed consumers, either to try to obtain more from the company, or for fear of a future breakdown or because of doubt in the performance of the product or because of propensity to complain. 67 Singh, J. 1989) Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02943722153467947901noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8028823698895682533.post-28216587199861988662020-01-03T01:59:00.001-08:002020-01-03T01:59:03.673-08:00Justice in The Kite Runner Essay - 1459 Words In the literature, The Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini, the idea and representation of justice, and its relationship to that of the treatment of women in Afghan society, the ever-changing politics of Afghanistan, and the desired results of redemption and forgiveness, become illustrated through the novelââ¬â¢s characters and motives. Justice can be defined as the quality of being guided by truth, reason, and fairness. The Kite Runner illustrates the power of influence from an outside power and its effects on society, and the minds and lifestyles of the people. In relationship to the Cheverus High School Grad-at-Grad profile the actions and wrongdoings that take place in the The Kite Runner and in Afghanistan prove to be injustice. Amir,â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The Shia Muslims believe that following the Prophet Muhammads death, leadership should have passed directly to his cousin/son-in-law, Ali. Throughout history, Shia Muslims have not recognized the authority of elected Muslim leaders, choosing instead to follow a line of Imams which they believe have been appointed by the Prophet Muhammad or God Himself. The word Shia in Arabic means a group or supportive party of people. The commonly-known term is shortened from the historical Shia-t-Ali, or the Party of Ali. They are also known as followers of Ahl-al-Bayt or People of the Household. The historical background of the differences of the two different Muslim faiths is important to recognize due to the significance of its effect on Afghan culture and lifestyle. ââ¬Å"Afghanistan was a monarchy ruled by King Zahir Shah. On July 17, 1973, when the king was on away on vacation, a man by the name of Mohammad Daoud Khan attained power. The military takeover did not cause any bloodshed, but as we see through Amirs story, it was still a frightening time for the people of Kabul who heard rioting and shooting in the streets. For six years, Mohammad Daoud Khan was President and Prime Minister of Afghanistan. Then, on April 27, 1978, he was violently overthrown by the PDPA, Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistan. Daoud was killed inShow MoreRelatedSimilarities Between Oedipus Rex And The Kite Runner1391 Words à |à 6 PagesFate versus Destiny: Is divine justice righteous when fate or destiny is present? Oedipus Rex and The Kite Runner are both profound works of literature that share two immensely universal themes, those themes being fate/free will and divine justice. These two themes are quite prominent throughout both pieces of writing and serve to facilitate a very humanistic connection between the audience and the story. Although both of these stories consist of the two themes mentioned, they each express themRead MoreOedipus Rex And The Kite Runner1367 Words à |à 6 PagesThe Kite Runner are both profound works of literature that share two immensely universal themes, those themes being fate and freewill and divine justice. These two themes are quite prominent throughout both pieces of writing and serve to facilitate a very human connection between the audience and the story. Although both of these stories consist of the two themes mentioned, they each express them in a unique fashion. Oedipus Rex focuses more so on the concept of fate whereas The Kite Runner emphasizesRead MoreHistory Now1070 Words à |à 5 PagesSentence Variety Quiz, 35 points Begin Unit: Loyalty and Betrayal, Section D, The Kite Runner The Kite Runner: Introduction Section Warm-Up: Kite Flying Before You Read Building Background - Tutorial: The Kite Runner Reading 2: The Kite Runner Continue Unit: Loyalty and Betrayal, Section D, The Kite Runner Friday, 3/2/2012 Reading 2: The Kite Runner. continued Assignment: Web Page 100 points The Kite Runner Quiz, 40 points Unit Exam: Loyalty and Betrayal, 50 points Begin Unit: Life andRead MoreKite Runner Essay1471 Words à |à 6 PagesIn the literature, The Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini, the idea and representation of justice, and its relationship to that of the treatment of women in Afghan society, the ever-changing politics of Afghanistan, and the desired results of redemption and forgiveness, become illustrated through the novelââ¬â¢s characters and motives. Justice can be defined as the quality of being guided by truth, reason, and fairness. The Kite Runner illustrates the power of influence from an outside power and its effectsRead MoreThe Kite Runner Analysis1201 Words à |à 5 PagesReligion tends to be followed by many citizens but may be interrupted differently amongst many people in societies. The Kite Runner, written by Khaled Hosseini, illustrates how individuals may hurt other with their own personal choices and beliefs. The book portrayed how the characters were divided into two major sects in Afghanistan, Hazaraââ¬â¢ s and Pashtunââ¬â¢s. The culture classified the nation into two groups which elucidated the society. When distinguishing between the two major casts, being a PashtunRead MoreRole Adversity Plays in Shaping Identity1479 Words à |à 6 PagesThe Kite Runner. Like every individual they go through a series of incidents and hardships that shape who they become and how well they deal with struggles in life. Life is not about finding oneââ¬â¢s own self, but about creating and learning from experiences. As one goes from childhood to adulthood and deals with the hardships of life, they grow as a person and learn from their experiences. Amirââ¬â¢s journey of life displays how incidents and hardships shape ones identity. Amir as the kite fighterRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Marjane Satrapi1110 Words à |à 5 Pagesdepicts the political turmoil in Iran by including the degrading rights of women. In places where Islamic extremism exists, the strict fundamentalism affect the rights and societal views of women (Bobic et al., 4-8). Khaled Hosseini, author of The Kite Runner, tells the story of a Pashtun boy and the consequences of extremism in Afghanistan, such as racism and sexism. Both Hosseini and Satrapi use the historical backdrop of their work to develop the theme of feminism. Both novels include women developingRead MoreThe Kite Runner and the Caste System Essay1844 Words à |à 8 Pagesplays an important role throughout the Kite Runner. The book sates that there needs to be an order of the people to make sense of things worthwhile. The two boys try to defy that the caste system is nothing more than a state of mind. The Afghan people feel alienated from their own history because of the caste system. Kite fighting is a perfect example of the caste system. One has the fighter who attacks other kites, and the runner who chases he fallen kites. Hassan who is a Shia while Amir isRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1908 Words à |à 8 Pagesââ¬â¹In the novel, ââ¬Å"The Kite Runnerâ⬠, written by Khaled Hosseini, was taken place in Afghanistan during the 1970ââ¬â¢s to the year of 2002. Many historical events happened during this time period and Hosseini portrayed it into his novel. Kabul, the capitol of Afghanistan, was a free, living area for many Afghanistan families to enjoy the life they were given. Until one day, Afghanistan was then taken over and attacked. In the novel, Amir, the protagonist, must redeem himself and the histor y behind his actionsRead MoreTheft in the Kite Runner1543 Words à |à 7 PagesDuring oneââ¬â¢s life, they will be faced with situations that can influence the people surrounding them. The Kite Runner written by Khaled Hosseini a novel based on the life of Amir, the son of a well-off Pashtun. Amir spends the majority of his life trying to please, and receive affection from his father, Baba. Amir and Baba had two Hazara servants; Hassan, and Ali, Hassanââ¬â¢s father. Hassan and Amir have been friends since birth despite their different social classes. Hassan has always gained the affection Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02943722153467947901noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8028823698895682533.post-89502755073025508672019-12-25T22:23:00.001-08:002019-12-25T22:23:03.882-08:00Teenage Pregnancy Sections I And II - 1738 Words Topic: Teenage Pregnancy Sections I and II Primary Audience: My primary audience is the citizens of the U.S.; this includes tax payers, parents, state officials, education officials and teen moms. In the U.S. we have several teens that are experiencing unprotected sex, without any knowledge of pregnancy prevention or sex education. When teen girls become pregnant, this also affects the parents. This is a huge responsibility and burden for all involved parties. Health benefits are needed for both the teen mom and the unborn child. Thesis Statement: Teen pregnancy is an important topic in the United States. When teen girls become a mom at such an early age, it comes with a huge responsibility and can become a burden on teens. Teens are not prepared for these responsibilities. ïÆ'Ë TS: When teens have babies at such a young age it comes with challenges and expenses. ïÆ'Ë TS: Continuing their education can be challenging as well. Introduction: o Samantha, a fourteen year old teenager became pregnant in High School. The teen didnââ¬â¢t realize she was pregnant with twins. Samanthaââ¬â¢s body was too weak to carry both, so she lost one of them. Burying one of her babies at such an early age was devastating. Samantha was faced with several issues at the same time. Her parents were also on drugs, which didnââ¬â¢t help with being pregnant as a teenager. This was a lot for Samantha to deal with. Samantha didnââ¬â¢t realize the responsibilities that came along with having sex,Show MoreRelatedReflecting on Sources: An Assignment1879 Words à |à 7 Pages which is the basis of your final project in this course. Save this document to your computer, and submit it through the Unit 4 dropbox, per the instructions in the classroom under Unit 4s Project Description. PART I: PRE-INTERVIEW WORKSHEET DIRECTIONS: Complete each section of the Pre-Interview Worksheet below. Although students are not required to conduct an interview as research for the final project, the process of thinking about potential questions and responses related to the final projectRead MoreA Brief Analysis Of Sex Education1134 Words à |à 5 Pagesprotect themselves and their partners from unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseasesâ⬠(Landry, Darroch, Singh, Higgins, 2003). It is clear that teens are beginning to participate in sexual activities at increasingly young ages, so teaching sex education solely from an abstinence-only perspective is not effective enough, leaving students with little knowledge about how to protect against sexually transmitted diseases, unwanted pregnancies, and emotional distress. Young adults in the U.SRead Morehealth and social care Essay2985 Words à |à 12 PagesInvestigation into Teenage Pregnancy in Wales and England BTEC Level 3 Diploma Public Services CONTENTS PAGE No. Section Page 1. Planning 2. Introduction 3. Methodology 4. Investigation Findings Analysis Wales Ireland 5. Conclusion 6. Evaluation 7. Bibliography 8. Appendix PLANNING MY INDIVIDUAL INVESTIGATION Title for Investigation Comparative study of teenage pregnancy in Wales and England What do I want toRead MoreAdolescent Drug Abuse1306 Words à |à 6 PagesAdolescent Drug Abuse I.) Introduction: Crack, booze, pot, crystal- from the inner city to the suburbs to small towns, the world of the adolescent is permeated by drugs. When a little harmless experimentation becomes addiction, parents, teachers, and clinicians are often at a loss. For this age group (roughly ages 13 to 23), traditional substance abuse programs simply are not enough (Nowinski, inside cover). Today s society provides many challenges for adolescents that ourRead MoreChild Care: As It Has Always Been in The Common Sense Guide to Baby and Child Care by Dr. Benjamin Spock1514 Words à |à 7 Pageswrote seven editions of The Common Sense Guide to Baby and Child Care alongside a prestigious pediatrician, Steven Parker, before his death in 1998. I read the ninth addition of the manual, revised by pediatrician Dr. Robert Needleman, which includes modern-day ideas such as eating disorders in teenagers and applying to college. Prior to the first section of the manual, Dr. Spock speaks about the challenges of parenthood: accepting your child as he or she is, remembering to leave time for you and yourRead MoreEssay about Teen Pregnancy2611 Words à |à 11 PagesThe majority of America know Oprah Winfrey a mogul, television host and producer. ââ¬Å"But did you know she was once a pregnant 14- year- old?â⬠I gained knowledge of this from watching Oprahââ¬â¢s show. Oprah stated that she lost the baby. Hence, Oprah never had to face the dilemmas experienced by Nikkole a teenaged mother whose life can be viewed on MTVââ¬â¢s melodrama ââ¬Å"16 and Pregnant.â⬠ââ¬Å"Iââ¬â¢ve found myself watching several episodes, mainly on snow days.â⬠In each episode the protagonists (teen moms) introduceRead MorePremarital Sex2794 Words à |à 12 Pagesoffer a big salute to you guys. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION: Premarital Sex A. What is Premarital Sex? B. Positives and Negatives C. Is It Moral? D. Is it safe? Physically and emotionally? E. Recreation or Re-creation? I. Premarital Sex among the Filipino youth II. Summary III. Conclusions IV. Recommendations INTRODUCTION What is Premarital Sex? Premarital sex (also called Fornication) is sexual intercourse engaged in by persons who are unmarried. It is generally used in reference to individualsRead MoreAdolescence Stages Of Identity And Role Confusion Essay1838 Words à |à 8 Pageswith this biological changes and psychosocial distresses are not properly guided and instructed; because at this stage, their hips are bigger, breast is getting big, their skin is shiny and attractive to the opposite sex, they will fall into teenage pregnancy and because they canââ¬â¢t embark on the journey of motherhood unprepared and would want to go to school, they will now find abortion as a remedy of which attracts so many effects to their life. Freud Theory of Development (Genital Phase 12-18) Adolescentââ¬â¢sRead MoreFamily Structure And Structure Of The British Family1744 Words à |à 7 Pagesfallen from 38% in 1961 to 25% in 1996-7 (Irwin, 2000). Reference to Irwin (2000), reveals that marriage rates have been in relentless decrease since early 1970s with falls of 3 to 4% per annum. From 1971 to 1995 first marriage rates fell by 90% for teenage woman and 80% for women matured 20-24. Middle age at first marriage ascended from 23.4 to 27.9 years for men and 21.4 to 26.0 years for woman. In respect of cohabitation, Irwin (2000) encapsulates the depth and broadness of changes in individualsRead MoreThe Legality Of Abortion For Women Essay3703 Words à |à 15 PagesIntroduction This paper will explore the legality of abortion as a result of defilement in Kenya. The following are the areas I will cover: I. What abortion is, II. The legality of abortion as per the constitution of Kenya III. International instruments on Abortion IV. The church perception on the issue of abortion. V. Problems with Article 26(4) of the constitution of Kenya VI. Defilement VII. Abortion as a result of defilement and the legality VIII. What the constitution of Kenya states when Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02943722153467947901noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8028823698895682533.post-33608864388596552352019-12-17T18:13:00.001-08:002019-12-17T18:13:02.900-08:00Narrative Is The Root Of Some Fields - 1510 Words Narrative is the root of some fields which includes education, rhetoric, literature, religion, law, history: culture (Wilson, 1989). It can be seen as a tool to create traditions and symbols as means of communication and it is a source to understand and strengthen the identity of the organisation (Kroeze and Keulen, 2013). As a conceptual theme, narrative becomes a self-conscious system and a reflexive field. In other words, the role of narrative in personal lives is to show how it can be utilized effectively for reflexives practices. In light of this notion, personal reflexive capabilities are a process of exposing or questioning our ways of doing. It is the method for individual through the mirror that has ability to take responsibility for their stories and their exploration, and the role of fact in lives. This essay will focus on how narratives may be reflexively used at different stages, especially history: culture and education, as a tool to access the frameworks. In a narrative, the movement from sign to sign has a recognizable social, cultural and historical significance. Narrative is one of the main elements in history play (Wilson, 1989). It is the mode in which our culture is transmitted, from fairly stories to political history. Barthes(1987) states that narrative is international, transhistorical, transcultural and it is simply there like life itself. Narrative creates the way we see our place in society and the way we perceive is as moulded around us,Show MoreRelatedThe Discipline Of Environmental History1279 Words à |à 6 Pageshistory training in the field is not a requirement. Rather, a conglomeration of backgrounds can provide insight into the study. Additionally, her article takes a materialistic approach, suggesting that straying too far from this idea will lead to the breakdown of this study. While this seems to be the foundation of her article, her ultimate goal is a juxtaposition between the previous approach and the idea that expanding the field is vital in creating a contemporary narrative. By cultivating sourcesRead MoreThe Discipline Of Environmental History1287 Words à |à 6 Pagesnecessarily be trained in that field. Rather, a conglomeration of backgrounds can provide insight into the study. Additionally, her article takes a materialistic approach, suggesting that straying too far from this idea will lead to the breakdown of this study. While this seems to be the foundation of her article, her ultimate goal is a juxtaposition between the previous approach and the idea that expanding the field is vital in creating a contemporary narrative. By cultivating sources that embraceRead MoreEssay about Narrative on Frederick Douglass1322 Words à |à 6 PagesNarrative on Frederick Douglass Slavery was perhaps one of the most appalling tragedies in the history of The United States of America. To tell the people of the terrible facts, runaway slaves wrote their accounts of slavery down on paper and published it for the nation to read. Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs were just two of the many slaves who did this. Each of the slaves had different experiences with slavery, but they all had one thing in common: they tell of the abominable institutionRead MoreComparing 3 Short Films1533 Words à |à 7 Pagestheir technical, audio, visual codes characterization and narrative are constructed to relay the genre to its audience. It has been quoted that the Concept of genre is important in arousing the expectations of an audience and how they judge and select texts(Bateman, 2010, pg46) presenting a valid point in Lovefield by Matthieu Ratthe, a horror short film released in 2008 about a young woman who gives birth in a farmerââ¬â¢s field. By using conventional horror technical and audio codes theRead MoreEssay on The Confined Voices of Female Slaves1690 Words à |à 7 PagesConfined Voices of Female Slaves Slave narratives provide a first-hand experience on slave lives and reveal the truth about slavery. Through the writing of narratives, slaves hoped to expose the cruel and inhumane aspects of slavery and their struggles, sorrows, and triumphs. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, slave narratives were important means of opening a dialogue between blacks and whites about slavery and freedom. Some slave narratives were crafted to enlighten white readersRead MoreThe Meaning Of A School By Mara Casey Tieken1319 Words à |à 6 Pagesâ⬠Tieken provides a detailed narrative of the reasons why she decided to move to Vanleer. Tieken loves both rural living, and rural education and such emotions are exemplified throughout the chapter. The emotion depicted in her account displays a compassionate tone. The author writes, ââ¬Å"I love that I couldnââ¬â¢t separate the ââ¬Å"ruralâ⬠from ââ¬Å"teaching,â⬠that teaching here was completely and utterly tied to this very particular placeâ⬠(Tieken 2014, 6). Her descriptive narrative makes the reading relatableRead MoreAnalysis of Space Jam1342 Words à |à 6 Pageshas such an overwhelming presence in our lives. Space Jam, a highly popular movie made in 1996, blends elements of animation, comedy, sports, and renowned American icons to spin a tale that is not only highly entertaining but provides tropes and narratives that are teeming with insights and critiques of American society. The first step toward analyzing any piece of popular culture is to lay out and understand its explicit plot, or storyline. Space Jam is an enjoyable film starring world famousRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance and Slave Narratives1431 Words à |à 6 Pagesequality, where the slave authors didnââ¬â¢t have education and didnââ¬â¢t care about it, the second difference is their purpose and their audience which are both different in the slave narratives and in the Harlem Renaissance. No matter of their differences in knowledge and power both the Harlem Renaissance writers and slave narratives showed the will for a better life and hope for the future, which they hoped to make better. Writers like Langston Hughes who were from the Harlem renaissance and were educatedRead MoreThe Color Purple As An Empowering Narrative That Reflects A Progressive Society Essay1676 Words à |à 7 PagesTo what extent can the Colour purple be viewed as an empowering narrative that reflects a progressive society in relation to women, in comparison to the inequality portrayed through the novels characters and relationships? The Colour Purple is an epistolic, confessional novel based on the fictional version of 1940ââ¬â¢s rural Georgia. Significant for its racial and sexual prejudices, the novel displays the effect of gender inequality; exploring how the female characters both conform and defy societyRead MoreThe Parable of the Sower674 Words à |à 3 Pageshe sowed, some seeds fell by the way side, and the fowls came and devoured them up: 5: Some fell upon stony places, where they had not much earth: and forthwith they sprung up, because they had no deepness of earth: 6: And when the sun was up, they were scorched; and because they had no root, they withered away. 7: And some fell among thorns; and the thorns sprung up, and choked them: 8: But other fell into good ground, and brought forth fruit, some an hundredfold, some sixtyfold, some thirtyfold Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02943722153467947901noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8028823698895682533.post-84247964049106535292019-12-09T14:55:00.001-08:002019-12-09T14:55:04.484-08:00Entrepreneurship Small Business and Public Policy Question: Discuss about the Entrepreneurship Small Business and Public Policy. Answer: Introduction: There are some traits in the marketers that drive the success of business and make them success entrepreneurs. Common traits are to enjoy every decision and to plan everything by managing money wisely so that all the planned targets can be accomplished in limited resources (Bennett 2014). Moreover, Sadgrove (2016) portrays that taking initiatives for making the customers happy and offer them attractive discounts also helps an organization to drive their attraction. Some of the entrepreneurs also thinks that starting a business from scratch is beneficial as they start something that they love and can also increase the potential income and by obtaining a wide variety of business skills Twitchell (2015). On the other hand, some people often hesitates to start their own business as they feel that lack of experience and low business capital along with the excessive debt financing and poor management of the business procedures may result in great loss Sadler-Smith (2016). But successful en trepreneurs always have the enthusiasm to motivate themselves and other to follow their dream and let the world know that their dreams can also make a difference in the market. Schaper et al. (2014) depict that the factors that they usually highlight are improving the leadership skills and competencies to select effective business partners and suppliers that help a person to start a business. Additionally, if positive people are always closer, they can also get great ideas and it helps them to find a healthy work-life balance. One such Australian business will be discussed in this business report is Berri Australian Grown, which was started as a family business and is successful in recent times. A small interview is conducted from Tim Berri, the owner of the company regarding his journey for attaining business success. I think that focusing on just a couple of clients at a time rather than targeting the most clients and making most money once at a time drives the success of a business. I like to innovate new products from new ingredients rather than resenting same old product in a new package to the customers. Conventionally, we made only orange juices but now to attract more customers and to analyse their other demands; we have taken initiatives of making fresh juices from Mango, pear, strawberry and fusion of these fruit juices. I believe that people having the same mindset like you have can be easily found in the communication between them strong. I always emphasize on the strong communication and utilize social network like Facebook, YouTube and Twitter so that they can share their viewpoints regarding the products. In this way, I can get aware of their shared communal beliefs, requirements and ideas for the future improvements of the company. There is a direct relationship between the employee engagement and a companys success. In this case, I want to say that if an individual desires to get success in business, he/she must consider the employee as an important asset for the business. I also think that without employees, providing good customer service is difficult and it is also very important them to motivate regularly either by offering them financial rewards or nonfinancial benefits. I have not faced huge failures, but I admit that initially, I have been an autocratic leader in old days and due to which some of my employees left the job. So, I failed as an effective leader in the starting days. It is the time when I realized that my employees are not hay and I decided to adopt a friendly attitude towards by working personnel. I have never faced the same problem after that. However, I have realized that lack of planning, poor product differentiation, ignoring customer needs and premature scaling are some of the adverse factors that ensure a business failure and proper steps have to take by the marketers to avoid these circumstances. Well, this is an important thing that everybody should know and in my words, in the former case, a person is working for someone else and in latter case, the person is the owner. Moreover, employees are not responsible for the overall business activity while, entrepreneurs shape their ideas of activities with full responsibility. Being an entrepreneur, I see the long term effect of my work patiently; on the other hand, I believe that employee only sees the immediate effect of their work. Reference List Bennett, R.J., 2014. Entrepreneurship, small business and public policy: Evolution and revolution. Routledge. Berri Australian Grown., 2017.Berri Australian Grown - Partnering With Local Growers. [online] Available at: https://www.berriaustraliangrown.com.au/ [Accessed 12 Apr. 2017]. Sadgrove, K., 2016.The complete guide to business risk management. Routledge. Sadler-Smith, E., 2016. The role of intuition in entrepreneurship and business venturing decisions.European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology,25(2), pp.212-225. Schaper, M.T., Volery, T., Weber, P.C. and Gibson, B., 2014. Entrepreneurship and small business. Twitchell, M., 2015. Why We Keep Doing Business with Doing-Business Jurisdiction. InUniversity of Chicago Legal Forum(Vol. 2001, No. 1, p. 7). Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02943722153467947901noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8028823698895682533.post-62142163332063964792019-12-02T02:37:00.001-08:002019-12-02T02:37:04.317-08:00Semantic Publishing - Relevant Recommendations Create a Unique User ExperienceSemantic Publishing Relevant Recommendations Create a Unique User Experience Semantic Publishing includes a number of techniques including semantic recommendations used to personalize the user experience by delivering contextual content based on natural language processing, search history, user profiles and semantically enriched data.Finding things quickly is one of the things we all like about Google. When we search using Google, we typically find what we are looking for. What if your organization had the same powerful search and discovery capabilities?Today more than ever, companies struggle with search and discovery. Massive volumes of unstructured data contain meaning but its hard to find in all the noise. Policy analysts search through compliance documents.à Authors search through historical content. Clinical trials researchers cull through Mount-Everest-like text relating to drugs, adverse effects, research and more. It never seems to end.But what if you could find the exact document, the precise paragraph and the perfect reference to a specific topi c instantly? Better yet, what if your website visitors could do that as well? Publishing and Semantic TechnologyIts all possible.In fact, this is being done by some of the largest media, publishing, pharma and government organizations in the world. The application of semantic technology to accomplish this goal manifests itself in many ways. Internal users gain access to relevant content enabling them to do their job faster. External users find exactly what they need relevant, contextual content personalized for them.This is much more than simple content tagging. When you decompose this process and technology, what you find is that semantic recommendation engines are analyzing a lot of data. For starters, they know the web visitor profile and search history.But operating behind the scenes is a much deeper semantic technology that extracts concepts and entities from the articles viewed. Results are stored in a high-performance triplestore for search, analysis and discovery purposes. The magic happens when the profile and search history are matched to the newly structured semantic facts and the current search criteria.Enters Semantic RecommendationAt Ontotext we call this semantic recommendations (a subset of semantic publishing) because our customers are able to instantly deliver highly relevant, recommended articles. At the same time, hundreds of queries per second are taking place on your website, authors can be enriching new content, which is committed to the database and available for the next search. Simultaneously, the text is being processed, entities are classified and the same person with different name spellings are being identified and stored. This semantic wizardry is known as semantic annotation that has a series of techniques at its core. Semantic enrichment allows users to enrich entities with valuable information used in identity resolution and search. Semantic publishing assembles and delivers personalized web pages using a variety of unstructured data types and semantic facts about the people, places or organizations that the visitor is searching for. Semantic curation prompts authors or researchers with relevant curated content as they write. We could go on and onThe bottom line on all of this is one word: Productivity.Everyone wins. Researchers find content faster. Decision makers are accurately informed using a combination of real-world facts and their own data. Writers produce more content. Website visitors get recommendations they never thought were possible.Want to learn more about semantic publishing? Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02943722153467947901noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8028823698895682533.post-38470898795700650352019-11-26T21:59:00.001-08:002019-11-26T21:59:03.588-08:00Top Causes of Lake PollutionTop Causes of Lake Pollution In an extensive sampling effort, the Environmental Protection Agency, with the help of state and tribal agencies, coordinated water quality assessments for the countryââ¬â¢s lakes. They evaluated 43% of the lake surface area or about 17.3 million acres of water. The study concluded that: Fifty-five percent of the studyââ¬â¢s water acreage was judged to be of good quality. The other 45% had waters impaired for at least one type of use (for example as drinking water supply, for recreational fishing, swimming, or aquatic life support). When considering man-made lakes alone, the proportion that was impaired jumped to 59%.Water quality is sufficiently high to allow swimming in 77% of the waters assessed.Aquatic life was not supported adequately by 29% of lake waters.For 35% of the lake waters surveyed, fish consumption was not recommended. For the impaired lakes, the top types of pollution were: Nutrients (problematic in 50% of impaired waters). Nutrient pollution occurs when excess nitrogen and phosphorus make their way into a lake. These elements are then picked up by algae, allowing them to grow rapidly to the detriment of the aquatic ecosystem. Overabundant cyanobacterial algae blooms can lead to toxin build-up, oxygen level drops, fish kills, and poor conditions for recreation. Nutrient pollution and the subsequent algae blooms are to blame for Toledoââ¬â¢s drinking water shortage in the summer of 2014. Nitrogen and phosphorus pollution comes from inefficient sewage treatment systems and from some agricultural practices.Metals (42% of impaired waters). The two main culprits here are mercury and lead. Mercury accumulates in lakes mostly from atmospheric deposition of pollution coming from coal-fired power plants. Lead pollution is often the result of accumulated fishing tackle like sinkers and jig heads, and from lead shot in shotgun shells.Sediment (21% of impaired w aters). Fine-grained particles like silt and clay may occur naturally in the environment but when they enter lakes in large quantity, they become a serious pollution problem. Sediments come from the many ways soil can be eroded on land and carried into streams then lakes: erosion can originate from road construction, deforestation, or agricultural activities. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS; 19% of impaired waters). TDS measurements can be interpreted as how salty the water is, generally due to high concentrations of dissolved calcium, phosphates, sodium, chloride, or potassium. These elements most often enter the roadways as road salt, or in synthetic fertilizers. Where do these pollutants come from? When assessing the source of pollution for the impaired lakes, the following findings were reported: Agriculture (affecting 41% of impaired waters). Many agricultural practices contribute to lake water pollution, including soil erosion, manure and synthetic fertilizer management, and the use of pesticides,Hydrologic modifications (18% of impaired waters). These include the presence of dams and other flow regulation structures and dredging activities. Dams have extensive effects on a lakeââ¬â¢s physical and chemical characteristics, and on aquatic ecosystems.Urban runoff and storm sewers (18% of impaired waters). Streets, parking lots, and rooftops are all impervious surfaces that do not allow water to percolate through. As a result, water runoff speeds up to storm drains and picks up sediments, heavy metals, oils, and other pollutants, and carries it into lakes. What Can You Do? Use soil erosion best practices whenever you disturb soil near a lake.Project lake shorelines on your property by preserving the natural vegetation. Replant shrubs and trees if needed. Avoid fertilizing your lawn close to a lakeââ¬â¢s edge.Encourage the use of sustainable farming methods like cover crops and no-till farming. Talk to farmers at your local farmers market to find out more about their practices.Keep septic systems in good working order, and have regular inspections conducted.Encourage local authorities to use alternatives to road salt in winter.Consider your nutrient inputs from soaps and detergents, and reduce their use whenever possible.In your yard, slow down water runoff and allow it to be filtered by plants and soil. To accomplish this, establish rain gardens, and keep drainage ditches well vegetated. Use rain barrels to harvest roof runoff.Consider using pervious pavement in your driveway. These surfaces are designed to let water percolate into the soil below, p reventing runoff. Choose alternatives to lead when selecting fishing tackle.à Sources: EPA. 2000. National Lake Assessment Report. EPA. 2009. National Lake Assessment: A Collaborative Survey of the Nationââ¬â¢s Lakes. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02943722153467947901noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8028823698895682533.post-62025521497660467042019-11-23T05:33:00.001-08:002019-11-23T05:33:04.152-08:00Case Study AnalysisCase Study Analysis Case Study Analysis Case Study Analysis One of the frequently assigned college assignments is writing case study. Read the following casestudy analysis tipsand learn how to write a case study analysis. Usually, case study analysis is based on specific situation. You are required to analyze the given situation, to solve the presented problems, and offer a recommendation. Sometimes, you are required to consult textbook and relevant articles to support your personal opinion. The purpose of case study writing assignment is to check your theoretical knowledge and an ability to apply gained knowledge to real-life situations. Secondary sources can be from historical documents, photographs, tape recordings and even statistical information. Many students do not understand that literary, historical, scientific or sociological sources are difference in essence and should be used with careful referencing. Case study analysis writing is easy with our help: Critical Essay Writing While citing secondary sources, you have to include in-text citation and bibliography entry. Endnotes are the most desirable referencing technique for case study analysis writing. Endnotes do not distort the flow of your ideas and make a reference to the source. Your tutor will definitely appreciate if you approach him for clarification. Placing an order at .com, you receive custom written case study analysis which meets all of the requirements set by the tutor. Critical essay writing requires deep understanding of the problem and an ability to analyze the situation, to apply critical thinking skills, and draw logical conclusion. Not all students are able to cope with critical essay writing assignment and seek professional assistance. We offer custom paper writing help to those students who struggle with their academic assignments. Writing Critical Essay What is the first step of case study analysis? The first step of critical case study analysis is reading of the case itself. You should be ready to read it more than twice. The first reading is done for acquaintance only. The second reading is done to identify the key players (people), to underline the problems, to make some notes and comments, and to get a detailed perception of the situation. Case study analysis writing is a challenge because you cannot simply express your opinion, you have to support it with examples from recent publications. Every idea you include should be supported with reliable evidence. Custom writing help is a solution for busy students. Do not hesitate to place an order and you will be very surprised with the high quality. Read more: Draft Essay Rough Pay For Essay Need a Professional Essay Essay Editing Editorial Essay Topics Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02943722153467947901noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8028823698895682533.post-54687978477600097622019-11-21T04:17:00.001-08:002019-11-21T04:17:05.821-08:00MGMT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2MGMT - Assignment Example The person sitting next to me was a strikingly attractive young woman. She raised her hand to ask a question and we were stunned when the lecturer failed to address her by her name (as he had all of the males that were asking question). Instead, he said, ââ¬Å"Whatââ¬â¢s your question blondie?â⬠The room immediately became uncomfortable but the lecturer seemed to have no idea that what he had said was sexist. She asked her question, received her answer and sat fuming and embarrassed for the remainder of the morning. I regret that I did nothing. I felt horrible for her but felt powerless to do anything. I didnââ¬â¢t want to speak up because I was a new hire and besides, this gentleman was so well regarded in the community. At the very least I think I should have said something to the offended party afterwards, but I didnââ¬â¢t. I think that if I had it to do all over, I would have taken a moment to say something to the lecturer at the break for lunch. I think I should have let him know that I think he offended one of the new hires by the way he addressed her. I think at the very least, I should have let him know that he made me feel uncomfortable by referring to her as ââ¬Å"blondieâ⬠. I understand that this man was from a different generation and that such a comment might have been tolerated when he was much younger. But that isnââ¬â¢t an excuse. It does place the comment in context, but I can still remember that embarrassed and uncomfortable emotion I felt in the training session that Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02943722153467947901noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8028823698895682533.post-18107047134182296852019-11-19T18:44:00.001-08:002019-11-19T18:44:03.798-08:00Experiment on Prisoner and Prison Guard Psychology Movie ReviewExperiment on Prisoner and Prison Guard Psychology - Movie Review Example The two works illustrate that the negative quality of the surrounding environment has a big role to play in creating violent people. There are similarities between the Experiment movie and the actual experiment that Zimbardo conducted. First, both consist of volunteers that take part in a psychological study, who act as guards and prisoners. The Experiment movie and the actual experiment involve making prison life as real as possible. In the actual exercise, the police arrested prisoners without a warning from their homes and drove them to a nearby police station. Within a short time, the guards in the actual experiment began treating them like any other criminalà (Zimbardo). They fingerprinted, photographed, and blindfolded them before driving them to prison rooms. The rooms have bare walls, small cells, barred doors, and windows. Within no time, every participant settles into his role. Secondly, both The Experiment and the actual exercise involves taunting of prisoners with insults, pointless tasks and dehumanizing actions. For example, in The Experiment movie, Barris leads a group of other guards to abduct, shave and urinate upon Travis, a hard-headed prisoner that plots a strike. In the actual Zimbardoââ¬â¢s experiment, prisoners were also humiliated to a point of starting to develop some mental disorders. Evidently, the two movies depict violence since participants go through emotional and psychological discomforts, stay in a poor environment, and are physically insulted. According to psychology, violence is an extreme form of aggression such as rape, murder or assault (Gerdesà 142). It results from frustration, violence in homes, tendency to view other peopleââ¬â¢s behavior as hostile, and exposure to violent media. Psychologists also agree that some situations such as insults, drinking, provocations, drinking, and unsuitable environmental factors may also increase the risk of aggression. Sociologists define violence as harmful actions of people Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02943722153467947901noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8028823698895682533.post-28583354503140771232019-11-17T07:15:00.001-08:002019-11-17T07:15:04.006-08:00Transformational Leader Essay Example for Free Transformational Leader Essay The entire world has been caught up in the events leading up to the 2008 United States Presidential election. The selection of Barack Obama as Americaââ¬â¢s first African American President, and his highly effective campaign, provides us with a prime example of the power of transformational leadership, and the means by which change occurs. The notion of transformational leadership is not just pertinent, however, to the worlds of politics and the community. It is highly relevant to the corporate world and organizations as well. While Obamaââ¬â¢s ethnicity is obviously noteworthy and is a large part of what makes this election so significant, there is another critically important component of this moment which people have a tendency to ignore. It has to do with the transformation that has taken place in the minds of voters in the US and the hearts of people around the world. The change that has occurred is a direct result of the President-electââ¬â¢s ability to inspire change. He didnââ¬â¢t change the people themselves, which would be impossible. What he did change was the way they see the world and their place in it. Business leaders operate under similar circumstances because they also must engage employees and inspire them to feel a part of an organization. Transformational leadership involves more than charisma and emotion. It involves more than giving good speeches and making people feel good. In his hallmark definition of the term James MacGregor Burns coined the term transformational leadership as ââ¬Å"leaders inducing followers to act for certain goals that represent the values and the motivations the wants and needs, the aspirations and expectations of both leaders and followers.â⬠[Italics original] The leader is not merely wielding power, but appealing to the values of the follower. In this sense, values mean, ââ¬Å"A principle, standard, or quality regarded as worthwhile or desirable,â⬠(Websterââ¬â¢s New Riverside University Dictionary). Burns insists that for leaders to have the greatest impact on the ââ¬Å"led,â⬠they must motivate followers to action by appealing to shared values and by satisfying the higher order needs of the led, such as their aspirations and expectations. He said, ââ¬Å". . . transforming leadership ultimately becomes moral in that it raises the level of human conduct and ethical aspiration of both leader and the led, and thus it has a transforming effect on both.â⬠Change doesnââ¬â¢t just happen. It needs an impetus. Einstein in his Theory of Relativity applied the laws of physics to matter and we can apply this theory to universal behavior. As force is applied to an object in the direction of motion, the object gains momentum and gains energy. President-elect Obama was the force for change; he introduced a new direction that would address the needs as he saw it. In order for the notion of transformational leadership to be relevant, three elements must be present: 1) A Clearly Articulated Vision 2) Statements that Inspire People to Connect; and 3) A Detailed Plan to Execute. 1) A Clearly Articulated Vision The history of the world is replete with examples of charismatic leaders who have led their nations and a cause. The names of Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi, Napoleon Bonaparte Julius Caesar, Mao Tse-tung, Nelson Mandela, Martin Luther King Jr., Winston Churchill and Franklin Delano Roosevelt evoke tremendous feeling. The Industrial Revolution also evokes thoughts regarding the titans of industry like Thomas Edison, Henry Ford, Alexander Graham Bell and JP Morgan who had an incontrovertible and formative impact on that era. The vision that was articulated by the individuals in these two categories, the ability to inspire people to connect and the plans that were executed to make the vision a reality is indisputable. In the present, we may not know the names of all of the transformational leaders who are making change in their sector, but it certainly is happening. Apple, Google, Tata Motors, Carrefour, and Toyota, for example, are having an undeniable global impact on our everyday behavior and interaction. Appleââ¬â¢s iPod, for example, has revolutionized the way we think about listening to music, the way we purchase music, the way we share music, and even the way we define our personal space. The question for business leaders within organizations such as Apple is how to achieve the multiplier effect of this leadership pattern in order to bring about continuous innovation and improvement? How do we replicate this leadership pattern at the department and team level in order to generate change in every sector of an organization? How do we grow transformational leaders so they can rise to the positions of influence to positively impact organizational change? Transformational leadership must occur throughout the organization, not just at the top, in order to bring about the full synergistic effect. For example, when a CEO articulates the vision of a company, it is up to the global presidents and department vice presidents to execute the vision. But they must also be able to communicate that vision in a way which translates into local or regional needs. People must buy into the vision and relate it to ââ¬Å"whatââ¬â¢s in it for me.â⬠To the extent that they do this, the overall vision becomes more compelling. This starts the process of aligning the vision and connecting it to local needs and desires. A clearly articulated vision must have in it the elements which point to a better way for dealing with the present and the future. It must provide a context to address the most pressing issues in a manner which is innovative and compelling. Innovative because any change strategy needs to outline what will be different from the status quo. It must be compelling because it must be believable. People must feel that this vision will definitely lead to a better way of doing things. 2) Statements that Inspire People to Connect The most powerful visions also are those which have a few words that are easily understood and restated. This eases the communication process and enables everyone to embrace the vision as their own. In the 21st century a brief statement is marketing sin qua non. In others words, it is essential to excellent communications. As transformational leaders seek to communicate their vision using various venues, they begin to appreciate the marketing challenge of disseminating their message out and ensuring comprehension of their message. In 1964 Marshall McLuhan coined the phrase The medium is the message meaning that the form of a medium embeds itself in the message, creating a symbiotic relationship by which the medium influences how the message is perceived, creating subtle change over time. 21st century transformational leaders ignore the medium at their peril. In order to give a vision the wings it needs to travel, it must Inspire People to Connect. This is when a vision really begins to come alive. It comes alive because people believe that the vision will take them from where they are to where they want to be. In organizations it means that employees can begin to align to a better way of doing their work; reaching their customers or constituencies; and providing the goods and services which will make them more effective, productive and profitable. When people connect on a cognitive and emotional level it begins to move them to action. This action contains the seeds for producing change. Einstein stated that ââ¬Å"no problem can be solved with the same type of thinking that created itâ⬠. Inspiring people with a different message gives them an alternative way to approach their challenges. It is this connective element that provides the momentum to a vision and gives it longevity. It is this connective element that enables people to align with each other in a different way to meet their challenges. By connecting with the vision they are also reenergized to act. When we talk about motivation this is where it begins. People are motivated to act and engage differently because they can connect to something new, innovative and inspiring. Obamaââ¬â¢s incredibly effective ââ¬Å"Yes We Canâ⬠slogan is a great example of how a simple statement can encompass a lofty inspirational theme, yet still pertain to day to day action. The slogan was simple, inspirational, easy to remember, and resonated on a number of levels regardless of oneââ¬â¢s unique personal circumstances. Furthermore, Barack Obama and his team revolutionized the way they used the internet to connect their vision to people. They provided a continuous stream of messages via mobile phone, internet, the web and countless other technological mediums in a personalized manner practically every day for two years! You always felt that the vision was on top of mind and that they were speaking directly to you. Every message had your name on it. You didnââ¬â¢t feel you were part of a mass communication campaign. The messages were simple, informative and compelled you to action. Corporate transformational leaders need to embrace these same innovative techniques if they are to connect with the workforce of today. This type of connection or engagement is crucial to attracting and retaining high potential workers. When workers are fully engaged, a noted Gallup study of Oct 2006 indicates, they are more motivated and more productive. Specifically engaged employees work with passion and have a profound connection to their organization. They drive innovation and move their organization forward. Unfortunately, not enough attention is paid to how people connect to a vision. They must go through a process of enrolling with the vision so that they feel it is their own. In essence, a vision connects when people internalize it and say that it is not just someone elseââ¬â¢s vision, it is their own. This feeling of ownership is crucial to success. By implementing goal alignment processes, organizations can involve every department in the effort. Individual departments need to know tactically what their role is in contributing to the greater good. They must feel that this vision will definitely enhance their way of performing and interacting. When they have this ownership, then they are motivated to act in different ways. This engagement is directly correlated to employee retention as staff will leave an organization when they canââ¬â¢t get their needs met, and they feel that they donââ¬â¢t identify with the way things are done and with the values or vision of the organization. In short, just having a vision statement will not achieve results. 3) A Detailed Plan to Execute In order to increase the ownership process, one has to move from ââ¬Å"what ââ¬Å"and ââ¬Å"whyâ⬠to ââ¬Å"howâ⬠. Transformation falls short when this is not in place. Invariably many great plans fall apart at the connect points. A critical connecting point is a detailed plan to execute the vision. This begins to complete the circle. It is no surprise that when you have a wonderfully articulated vision, people will then want to see how it works. For many, this is the litmus test of whether the vision is a good one or bad one! Consequently, transformational leaders must help people understand that their vision is just the starting point. They must articulate the complete process that individuals must go through to make true change a reality. During the transition period, it is easy for people to get discouraged because the path to a new future can be difficult to see and follow at times. There must be constant communication and education along the way to keep people focused on the goal. The vision becomes a compass leading people through the turbulent times. Conclusion Indeed change can happen in any organization when there are transformational leaders who clearly articulate the vision; inspire people to connect to the vision and detail the plans in order to achieve the vision. It is this type of leadership that will bring about true innovation, productivity and employee satisfaction as organizations strive to be relevant on a global basis. The success of the Obama campaign was not magic. It relied on a disciplined approach articulating the vision, inspiring people to connect to it, along with a plan of execution. This same pattern can be duplicated in the business world on an organization-wide level. And if done correctly, it can yield awesome results from the entry level to the corporate suites. The challenges in front of us demand no less. Turning middle managers into transformational leadersIn these turbulent times, nearly every organization is facing the need to transform to survive or thrive.The concept of Transformational Leadership (TL), which plays a direct role in creating change, establishing a vision, and giving confidence to employees to explore new directions, therefore becomes popular once again in management development.By Uwe Napiersky, Business Psychologist Learning Architect, PhD.The transformational leaders Undergoing such development empowers an organization to greatly exceed previous levels of accomplishment. The transformational leaders are able to challenge and motivate an entire organisation ââ¬â top to bottom. They care about people and want people to succeed. Th e result is individual, group, and organizational achievement and morale. Many organisations consider the transformational approach of leadership as a revitalisation to increase competitiveness, sustain growth and to develop their talents further (remember the war for talent hasnââ¬â¢t stopped!).Instead of exercising formal authority and power over others resulting from a managerââ¬â¢s formal position in the hierarchy, empowering and enabling people is a key behaviour. The approach represents positive values like quality, performance, respect and fairness.To create a culture of high performance, where everyone in theà organisation is consistently working together to improve performance, not only top management needs to exercise transformational behaviour, but the middle management does as well. Leadership needs to be demonstrated at times by everyone in the organisation. How can middle Managers develop Transformational Leadership? 1. A change of mindset 2. Development of new (transformational) behaviours 3. Three fundamentals for the design of a transformation process in the organization. 1. A change of mindsetFrom organizing work and ââ¬Å"doing things rightâ⬠to motivating, inspiring and coaching Typically technical professionals, with e. g. engineering, IT, finance or scientific background are promoted to positions in middle management. Entry and middle management roles mainly consist of task oriented behaviours like planning budgets, setting priorities, controlling and solving problems etc. which are often summarized as ââ¬Å"doing things rightâ⬠; This is known as a ââ¬Å"transactionalâ⬠management mindset.This kind of management is necessary for the every day functioning of the business but does not bring about change or major innovation. To use a popular expression, it is good in ââ¬Å"rearranging the deck chairs of the Titanic, but canââ¬â¢t keep the ship from sinkingâ⬠.To increase personal impact, a person has to shift his/her mindset (and subsequently behaviour) towards influence oriented behaviour, relationship trust building skil ls, combined with caring to sustain a motivational environment, which inspires and empowers.The manager needs to shift his/her mindset radically, by perceiving his/her role as focusing on people, their dreams, development needs and emotions; rather than primarily managing tasks and planning. 2. Development of new (transformational) behaviour: A ââ¬â Openness to feedback, via 360 degree feedback data A 360 degree feedback tool provides a structured approach to self discovery and a process of understanding yourself which creates awareness about your strengths and areas for development. B ââ¬â Coaching subordinates Coaching and facilitating subordinates to develop their strengths and work on their development needs enables both the acceptance and understanding of feedback as well as the commitment and relevant action plan steps and practicing of new behaviours.Coaching can be done in one to one sessions, in teams or with peers. It is essential to work on real life/business situations and how to translate theory into manageable relevant action steps.Developing openness to feedback and coaching skillsà and behaviours can build confidence, openness and ability for the participant to deal positively with the challenges to exercise new behaviours like motivating and coaching others. C ââ¬â The understanding, commitment and endorsement of the top management to the objective of a transformational leadership process The implementation of TL via training programmes will not be effective unless part of its objectives and design principles are coherent with what TL is really about. The commitment of all stakeholders is necessary for the success of the training programs (trainers, participants (managers), their bosses, senior management, CEO of the firm) and is a critical success factor to make TL work!Senior management will need to facilitate and nurture a culture of transformational leadership, and to be ready to become mentors who will assist the new managers to develop their own self-confidence to lead change, their own skills set as well as develop the self-concept that allows the transformation from a manager to a leader. 3. Three fundamentals for the design of a transformation process: A ââ¬â Start by stopping to work with purely cognitive models of change Itââ¬â¢s a process and not a 2-day course! And a successful process will not be mastered only on a cognitive level; it has to be exercised on a behavioural level too. Therefore it needs a safe space for learning, reflecting and experimenting. To develop TL means that intentional effort must be made to adopt a transformational style.The process of the self transformation and a learning journey for middle managers mostly starts with understanding ones own personal visions, values and how to manage the developmental process. B ââ¬â Behaviour change takes more than a good theory and good explanations It needs self awareness and behaviour change interventions. In particular, it needs self directed learning and motivation to challenge oneself in a field which is mostly new for most middle managers with a technical background.The transition for a transactional manager into a transformational leader requires time to learn a new skill set, demonstrate new behaviours and embrace a new mindset. The appropriate understanding of how to apply TL is not about some things you do with your employees, it is the positive stimulating relationship with your employee. C ââ¬â Include a systematic approach of Monitoring Either include existing instruments for measuring the impact of TL or they can be developed ââ¬â tailor made ââ¬â to the specific needs of the organisation. The evaluation methods andà tools provide information about individual and organisational processes as well as the impact on business results. Conclusions * Create an integrated and flexible process design * Build positive dynamic for middle management Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02943722153467947901noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8028823698895682533.post-25451465038300546162019-11-14T19:46:00.001-08:002019-11-14T19:46:02.783-08:00Freedom and Virtue in John Miltons Comus and Areopagitica :: Comus and Areopagitica EssaysFreedom and Virtueà in John Milton's Comus and Areopagiticaà à à à The martyred author of Utopia, Sir Thomas More-executed for treason against the king-is credited with the final words, "If I must live in a world in which I cannot act within my conscience, I do not wish to live!" Generations later, the fiery patriotism and explicit candor of Patrick Henry led him to utter the renowned "Give me Liberty or give me death!" Along the same lines of these two men, John Milton's "Areopagitica" argues that the essence of life is freedom to choose how one lives it. In another of Milton's works, the masque play Comus, the Elder Brother's statements concerning virtue establish some of the foundations for his argument in the work he wrote "in order to deliver the press from the restraints with which it was encumbered" (716). à à à à à à à The root of Milton's assertions lies in his complete hope in the prevailing of virtue. In these two works, confidence in virtue and in the ability of good men to practice it is crucial. The first part of the Elder Brother's statement is, in fact, a comment on confidence, in response to his brother's question concerning the unfavorable odds stacked against the Lady, their sister. He says, "Yes, and keep [confidence] still,/ Lean on it safely . . . against the threats/ Of malice or of sorcery, or that power/ Which erring men call Chance" (584-588). The Elder Brother's remarks show that he believes in the triumph of the Spirit against all odds, including the Fates and Fortune. As he states, "this I hold firm;/ Virtue may be assail'd but never hurt,/ Surpris'd by unjust force but not enthrall'd," because it is founded upon the "will and arm of Heav'n" (588-600). Milton's argument in the "Areopagitica" holds true to these ideas also, that we must have confiden ce in virtue and its ability to triumph over all trials and temptations because-if it is truly of God-it will stand predominant over all evils. In outlining his argument, Milton reminds his audience over and over of the duty they have to trust in the virtue of their fellow men; just as God allowed Adam to have the choice to err, so must the state give men the right to choose, to try their own ideas of virtue. à à à à à à à The Spirit describes: Great Comus . . . whose pleasing poison Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02943722153467947901noreply@blogger.com0